Table 1.
Sociodemographic, clinical, psychopathological-cognitive characteristics, cerebellar GABA, Glx levels and excitation/inhibition balance in the studied samples.
| Characteristics (Standard Deviation) | HC (n = 20) | PD (n = 20) | t or χ2 | d.f. | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years/sd) | 54.25 (16.62) | 58.55 (9.6) | 1.09 | 38 | 0.27 |
| Males n (%) | 12 (60) | 10 (50) | 0.4 | 1 | 0.52 |
| Educational level (years/sd) | 14.00 (3.21) | 12.65 (3.97) | −1.18 | 38 | 0.24 |
| Age at onset (years/sd) | - | 55.4 (9.59) | - | - | - |
| Duration of illness (years/sd) | - | 3.51 (1.78) | - | - | - |
| H&Y score | - | 1.47 (0.47) | - | - | - |
| UPDRS-III score (sd) | - | 12.30 (6.01) | - | - | - |
| Levodopa equivalents (mg/day-sd) | - | 335.0 (260.99) | - | - | - |
| Combined dopamine agonists/levodopa treatment n (%) | - | 7 (35) | - | - | - |
| Dopamine agonists monotherapy n (%) | - | 6 (30) | - | - | - |
| Levodopa monotherapy n (%) | - | 3 (15) | - | - | - |
| non medicated | - | 4 (20) | - | - | - |
| Apathy diagnosis n (%) | - | 1 (5) | - | - | - |
| AS tot. (score/sd) | - | 8.75 (5.38) | - | - | - |
| AS motivation | - | 0.60 (0.68) | - | - | - |
| AS interest | - | 1.65 (1.66) | - | - | - |
| AS effort | - | 0.45 (0.75) | - | - | - |
| AS indifference | - | 0.65 (1.22) | - | - | - |
| HARS tot. (score/sd) |
- | 7.25 (4.54) | - | - | - |
| BDI tot. (score/sd) |
- | 9.10 (6.62) | - | - | - |
| BDI psychic | - | 5.45 (4.51) | - | - | - |
| BDI somatic | - | 3.65 (2.34) | - | - | - |
| PPRS tot. (score/sd) |
- | 6.55 (0.82) | - | - | - |
| PPRS hallucinations | - | 1.10 (0.30) | - | - | - |
| PPRS illusions | - | 1.05 (0.22) | - | - | - |
| PPRS paranoid ideation | - | 1.0 (0.0) | - | - | - |
| PPRS sleep disturbance | - | 1.30 (0.57) | - | - | - |
| PPRS confusion | - | 1.0 (0.0) | - | - | - |
| PPRS sexual preoccupation | - | 1.10 (0.45) | - | - | - |
| MMSE (raw score/sd) | 29.50 (1.0) | 28.80 (1.05) | 2.15 | 38 | 0.04 |
| M-WCST-sf C | 5.95 (0.22) | 5.95 (0.22) | 0.0 | 38 | 1.0 |
| M-WCST-sf P | 0.15 (0.36) | 1.0 (1.77) | -2.09 | 38 | 0.04 |
| M-WCST-sf NP | 0.60 (0.82) | 1.0 (0.97) | −1.40 | 38 | 0.38 |
| SWCT-sv IE-T (sec/sd) | 31.40 (9.01) | 34.55 (10.66) | −1.0 | 38 | 0.43 |
| SWCT-sv IE-E | 0.20 (0.69) | 0.45 (1.05) | −0.88 | 38 | 0.09 |
| Mean cerebellar GABA (ppm/sd) |
3.48 (0.46) | 3.59 (0.61) | −0.60 | 38 | 0.55 |
| Cerebellar GABA left | 3.53 (0.56) | 3.55 (0.76) | −0.11 | 38 | 0.91 |
| Cerebellar GABA right | 3.44 (0.54) | 3.62 (0.82) | −0.82 | 38 | 0.41 |
| Mean cerebellar Glx | 10.17 (0.99) | 10.21 (1.0) | −0.12 | 38 | 0.90 |
| Cerebellar Glx left | 10.29 (1.31) | 10.42 (1.16) | −0.35 | 38 | 0.73 |
| Cerebellar Glx right | 10.05 (1.29) | 9.99 (1.34) | 0.14 | 38 | 0.89 |
| Mean cerebellar E/I balance (Glx/GABA) | 2.97 (0.48) | 2.91 (0.56) | 0.31 | 38 | 0.75 |
| Cerebellar E/I balance (Glx/GABA) left | 2.99 (0.60) | 3.04 (0.63) | −0.26 | 38 | 0.80 |
| Cerebellar E/I balance (Glx/GABA) right | 2.99 (0.60) | 2.87 (0.70) | 0.56 | 38 | 0.58 |
Legend: AS, Apathy Scale; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; d.f., degree of freedom; E/I excitation/inhibition; GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid; Glx, Glutamate/Glutamine complex; HC, healthy controls; H&Y, Hoehn and Yahr scale; HARS, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; HC, healthy controls; M-WCST-sf, Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test short form; M-WCST-sf C achieved categories; M-WCST-sf NP non-perseverative errors; M-WCST-sf P perseverative errors; MMSE, Minimental State Examination; PD, Parkinson Disease patients; ppm, parts per million; PPRS, Parkinson’s Psychosis Rating Scale; SWCT-sv IE-E, Stroop Word-Color Test short form error interference effect; SWCT-sv IE-T, Stroop Word-Color Test short form time interference effect; UPDRS-III scale, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Part III motor function. Bold values indicate statistically significant differences.