Table 2.
Characteristics of the studies using tissue-based detection methods.
| Study | Periodontitis Type | Sample Size | Sample Type | Sampling Type | Tissue-Based Detection Type |
Target | EBV Occurrence | Main Findings | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [66] | ApP | 35 ApP | Apical lesion | Teeth extraction |
CIHC | LMP1 | 11 ApP | EBV occurrence in about 31% of ApP samples. | ||||
| [67] | ApP | 20 ApP | Apical lesion | Submarginal incision | EBER-ISH | EBER | 0 ApP | No signs of cells harboring EBV in 20 apical samples analyzed by EBER-ISH. | ||||
| [39] | CP | 41 SS + 56 DS | Gingival tissue | Flap surgery |
EBER-ISH + CIHC |
EBER CD19 |
EBER+ CD19+ |
Numerous CD19+ B cells infiltrated in the connective tissue subjacent to the gingival epithelium; numerous cells in the same location were EBER+. | ||||
| [27] | CP | 3 CP: 3 PP 3 CP: 3 PalS |
SbgP PalECs |
Curette, cytospin cuvette |
IF costaining | LMP1, LMP2 CK19 |
3 PP 0 PalS |
Around 32% of the CK19+ epithelial cells infected with EBV (LMP2+). | ||||
| EBER-ISH + CIHC |
EBER CK19 |
EBER+, CK19+ PP EBER-, CK19+ PalS |
EBER+ periodontal epithelial cells (pECs) were detected only in PP samples. | |||||||||
| 20 CP: 20 SS + 20 DS 10 HC: 10 HS |
SbgP GS |
Curette, cytospin cuvette |
EBER-ISH + CIHC |
EBER CK19 |
DS > SS > HS | Frequency of EBV+ pECs higher in deep pockets than in shallow pockets and healthy sites. A positive correlation between EBV infection and disease severity. | ||||||
| [68] | PApP | 9 PApP | 6 PApP | PApG | Endodontic surgery | EBER-ISH | CIHC | EBER | LMP1 | 6 PApP | 6PApP | EBER detected in the cytoplasm and nuclei of B cells and plasma cells (PC) in 66.7% of PApGs, but not in healthy gingival tissues. All EBER+ PApGs positive for LMP1. LMP-1-expressing cells localized in the same areas as EBER-expressing cells. |
| 5 HC | 5 HC | Gingival tissue | Teeth extraction |
0 HC | 0 HC | |||||||
| [62] | CP (SvP) | 5 SvP | Gingival tissue | Surgery | EBER-ISH + | EBER | EBER+ | Numerous EBV-infected cells, mostly overlapping with CD138+ PCs. EBV-infected PCs formed high-density clusters along the periodontal epithelium associated with CD3+ T cells and CD20+ B cells. | ||||
| Multiplex CIHC | CD3, CD20, CD138, Kappa |
CD3+, CD20+, CD138+, Kappa+ |
||||||||||
Abbreviations: Periodontitis type: ApP—apical periodontitis; CP—chronic periodontitis; PApP—periapical periodontitis; HC—healthy control; SvP—severe periodontitis. Sample type: GS—gingival sulcus; PApG—periapical granuloma; PalECs—palatal epithelial cells; SbgP—subgingival plaque. Site type: DS—deep site; HS—healthy site; PalS—palatal site; PP—periodontal pocket; SS—shallow site. Tissue-based analysis type: CIHC—chromogenic immunohistochemistry; EBER-ISH—EBV-encoded RNA in situ hybridization; IF—immunofluorescent staining.