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Diagram showing the principle of Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis [15]. Panel A shows the association between 25(OH) and depression, and Panel B between depression and 25(OH)D. The numbers reflect the MR assumptions that the genetic variants should (i) be associated with the exposure, (ii) not associated with the confounders of exposure-outcome association, and (iii) not affect the outcome through pathways other than exposure.
