Figure 2.

Observational and MR analyses on the association between 25(OH)D and the odds of depression. ¹ Basic model included adjustment for basic covariates including age, sex, assessment centre and date of blood sample collected. ² Socioeconomic model included adjustment for basic and socioeconomic-related covariates including education, Townsend deprivation index and employment. ³ Lifestyle model included adjustment for basic, socioeconomic and lifestyle-related covariates including smoking, alcohol consumption, BMI, physical activity, fish and cheese consumptions, dietary restriction, sun exposure [in summer or winter], use of sun protection, and long-standing illness. ⁴ MR analysis based on variant-depression association estimates from UK Biobank. ⁵ MR-analysis based on variant-depression association estimates from Wray et al. GWAS. ⁶ Meta-analysis of MR estimates from UK Biobank and Wray et al. GWAS. For all MR analysis, variant-25(OH)D estimates were from Jiang et al. GWAS. MR-Egger P-intercept (for all), p < 0.67.