Table 1.
Prevalence of depression and summary of serum 25(OH)D (in nanomoles per litre, nmol/L) across different characteristics.
| n (%) | Depression | Serum 25(OH)D in nmol/L | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | p-Value 1 | Median (IQR) | p-Value 2 | ||
| Sex | <1.0 × 10−300 | 0.02 | |||
| Male | 116,698 (50.8) | 11,292 (9.7) | 48.8 (34.4, 64.0) | ||
| Female | 113,134 (49.2) | 18,855 (16.7) | 48.9 (34.3, 63.9) | ||
| Age | 7.7 × 10−87 | <1.0 × 10−300 | |||
| 39–49 years | 51,191 (22.3) | 7201 (14.1) | 46.1 (32.1, 62.0) | ||
| 50–59 years | 73,641 (32.0) | 10,548 (14.3) | 47.5 (33.2, 62.8) | ||
| 60–73 years | 105,000 (45.7) | 12,398 (11.8) | 51.0 (36.6, 65.4) | ||
| BMI | 4.5 × 10−154 | <1.0 × 10−300 | |||
| Underweight, <18.5 kg/m2 | 1083 (0.5) | 167 (15.4) | 48.1 (31.2, 67.2) | ||
| Normal, (≥18.5 and <25) kg/m2 | 75,087 (32.7) | 9031 (12.0) | 52.3 (36.7, 67.6) | ||
| Overweight, (≥25 and <30) kg/m2 | 98,778 (43.0) | 11,961 (12.1) | 49.8 (35.6, 64.3) | ||
| Obese, ≥30 kg/m2 | 54,151 (23.6) | 8821 (16.3) | 42.9 (30.2, 57.2) | ||
| Missing | 733 (0.3) | 167 (22.8) | 39.7 (25.9, 56.0) | ||
| Education | 3.4 × 10−13 | 6.0 × 10−66 | |||
| None | 38,458 (16.7) | 5030 (13.1) | 49.7 (34.8, 65.0) | ||
| NVQ/CSE/A levels | 81,147 (35.3) | 11,044 (13.6) | 49.7 (35.0, 64.9) | ||
| Degree/professional | 108,287 (47.1) | 13,881 (12.8) | 47.9 (33.8, 62.8) | ||
| Missing | 1940 (0.8) | 192 (9.9) | 50.0 (34.7, 65.0) | ||
| Physical activity | 2.0 × 10−200 | <1.0 × 10−300 | |||
| None | 12,000 (5.2) | 2542 (21.2) | 35.4 (23.9, 51.7) | ||
| Light/moderate | 191,144 (83.2) | 25,075 (13.1) | 48.9 (34.7, 63.7) | ||
| Strenuous sports | 25,932 (11.3) | 2337 (9.0) | 54.2 (39.3, 69.2) | ||
| Missing | 756 (0.3) | 193 (25.5) | 38.6 (24.7, 56.1) | ||
| Oily fish consumption | 4.8 × 10−36 | <1.0 × 10−300 | |||
| Never | 24,100 (10.5) | 3775 (15.7) | 44.2 (29.7, 60.6) | ||
| <Once a week | 76,738 (33.4) | 10,090 (13.2) | 47.1 (32.6, 62.6) | ||
| Once a week | 87,870 (38.2) | 10,737 (12.2) | 49.9 (35.7, 64.6) | ||
| >Once a week | 40,130 (17.5) | 5400 (13.5) | 52.2 (38.2, 66.4) | ||
| Missing | 994 (0.4) | 145 (14.6) | 45.9 (30.6, 61.9) | ||
| Sun protection use | 1.8 × 10−60 | <1.0 × 10−300 | |||
| Do not go in sunshine | 1048 (0.5) | 251 (24.0) | 31.7 (21.1, 45.7) | ||
| Never/rarely | 18,794 (8.2) | 2506 (13.3) | 43.9 (29.8, 59.8) | ||
| Sometimes | 77,559 (33.7) | 9443 (12.2) | 48.6 (34.3, 63.5) | ||
| Most of the time | 84,409 (36.7) | 11,164 (13.2) | 49.7 (35.4, 64.6) | ||
| Always | 47,902 (20.8) | 6764 (14.1) | 49.7 (34.9, 65.0) | ||
| Missing | 120 (0.1) | 19 (15.8) | 33.2 (22.4, 48.6) | ||
| Long standing illness | <1.0 × 10−300 | 5.9 × 10−280 | |||
| No | 156,658 (68.2) | 15,275 (9.8) | 49.7 (35.3, 64.5) | ||
| Yes | 68,590 (29.8) | 14,113 (20.6) | 46.8 (32.2, 62.6) | ||
| Missing | 4584 (2.0) | 759 (16.6) | 46.9 (32.9, 61.9) | ||
1p-value from likelihood ratio test in logistic regression model adjusted for adjusted for sex, age, assessment centre, and date of blood sample collected. 2p-value from likelihood ratio test in linear regression model adjusted for sex, age, assessment centre, and date of blood sample collected. See Table S3 for more list of covariates.