BIA	Bioimpedance analysis
BMI	Body mass index
b.w.	Body weight
CKD	Chronic kidney disease
CPI	Controlled protein intake
CRP	C-reactive protein
CT	Computed tomography
CV	Cardiovascular
DHA	Docosahexaenoic acid
DM	Diabetes mellitus
DXA	Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
E3s	Ubiquitin ligases enzyme
EN	Enteral nutrition
EPA	Eicosapentaenoic acid
EPO	Erythropoietin
ESPEN	European society for clinical nutrition and metabolism
ESRD	End-stage renal disease
EWGSOP	European working group for sarcopenia for older people
FGF-23	Fibroblast growth factor-23
FoxO3A	Forkhead box O3A
GH	Growth hormone
GFR	Glomerular filtration rate
HD	Hemodialysis
HGS	Handgrip strength
HOMA	Homeostasis model of assessment
HPD	High-protein diet
IDPN	Intra-parenteral nutrition dialysis
IGF1	Insulin-like growth factor-1
IL	Interleukin
IR	Insulin resistance
ISRNM	International society of renal nutrition and metabolism
KAs	Ketoanalogues
LPD	Low protein diet
MAMC	Mid arm muscle circumference
MIS	Malnutrition inflammation score
MM	Muscle mass
MPS	Muscle protein synthesis
MRI	Magnetic resonance imaging
mTOR	Mammalian target of rapamycin
NHANES	National health and nutrition examination survey
ONS	Oral nutritional supplements
p70S6K	Ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1
PEG	Percutaneous endoscopic gastroctomy
PEW	Protein-energy wasting
PGC-1α	Peroxisome gamma proliferator coactivator-1α
PI3K	Protein kinase B
PUFAs	Polyunsatured fatty acids
Qol	Quality of life
QUICKI	Improved quantitative insulin sensitivity check index
SCWD	Society on sarcopenia, cachexia and wasting disorders
SGA	Subject global assessment
SIRTs	Sirtuins
SOCS-3	Suppressor of cytokine signaling-3
SPPB	Short physical performance battery
Stat3	Signal transducer and transcriptional activator 3
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor-α
TPN	Total parenteral nutrition
UPS	Ubiquitin proteasome system
UTRs	Untranslated regions