Table 2.

Pharmacologically active medicinal plants for the treatment of dengue viral infection.

Plant	Family	Part Used	Type of Study	Mode of Action	Reference
Alternanthera photoperiods	Amaranthaceae	Whole plant	In vitro	Inhibited DENV-2 replication (IC50 = 47.43 µg/mL)	[89]
Alternanthera sessillis	Amaranthaceae	Leaves	In vivo	Significant platelet increasing activity	[77]
Acorus calamus	Acoracea	Leaves	In vitro	Inhibited DENV-2 replication (96.5% at a dose of 20 µg/mL)	[86]
Andrographis paniculata	Flaviviridae	Leaves	In vitro	Anti-DENV-1 activity in HEPG2 (78.3 ± 2.9 PFU/mL)	[88]
Ocimum sanctum	Lamiaceae	Leaves	In vitro	Anti-DENV-1 activity in HEPG2 (1020.0 ± 271.0 PFU/mL)	[98]
Arrabidaea pulchra	Bignoniaceae	Leaves	In vitro	Inhibited DENV-2 (EC50 = 46.8 ± 1.6 µg mL−1)	[84]
Azadirachta indica	Meliaceae.	Leaf extract	In vitro and in vivo	Inhibited DENV-2 replication in both in vitro and in vivo	[81]
Carica papaya	Caricaceae	Leaves	In vivo	Increased the platelet counts	[99]
		Leaf extract	Human	Increased the platelet counts and the total white cell counts had increased	[92]
		Leaf extract	Human	Increased the platelet counts	[91]
		Leaf extract	In vivo	Increased the platelet counts	[77]
		Leaf juice	Human	Increased the platelet counts	[93]
		Leaves	In vivo	Increased the platelet count and decreased the clotting time in rats	[76]
		Leaf juice	Human	Increased the platelet counts	[95]
		Leaf juice	In vivo	Increased the platelet counts	[78]
		Leaf juice	Human	Increased the platelet counts	[94]
		Leaves	In vivo	Increased the plasma CCL2/MCP-1 level	[82]
		Leaves	Human	Increased the platelet counts	[96]
Cissampelos pareira	Menispermacea	Aerial part	Human	Increased the platelet counts	[100]
Cladogynos orientalis	Euphorbiaceae	Whole plant	In vitro	Inhibited DENV-1–4 replication	[87]
Curcuma longa	Zingiberacea	Not stated	In vitro	Anti-DENV activity in Huh7it-1 cells (IC50 17.91 = μg/mL)	[80]
			in vivo	Anti- DENV-2 and reduce viremia period
Cymbopogon citratus	Poaceae	Root	In vitro	Inhibited DENV-2 replication (98.9% at a dose of 20 µg/mL)	[86]
Distictella elongata	Bignoniaceae	Leaves, stems and fruits	In vitro	Anti-DENV-2 activity (EC50 = 9.8 µg/mL)	[101]
Euphorbia hirta	Euphorbiaceae	Leaves	In vivo	DENV-2 inhibition by 34.7%	[15]
		Whole plant	In vivo	Increased the platelet counts	[77]
		Whole plant	In vitro	Significantly reduced the plaque forming capacity of the DENV-1-2 (85% and 90% respectively)	[90]
		Leaves	In vitro	Inhibited DENV-2 replication (34.7% at 20 µg/mL dose)	[102]
		Whole weed	Human	Increased the platelet counts	[97]
Eurycoma longifolia	Simaroubaceae	Root	In vitro	Inhibited DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 (IC50 = 33.84, 33.55, 58.35 and 119 µg/mL, respectively)	[79]
			In vivo	30% lower viral load and 12% higher platelet count compared to the control group
Flacourtia ramontchi	Salicaceae	Stem barks	In vitro	Inhibited DENV-2 NS5 polymerase activity (89% inhibition at 10 μg/mL)	[103]
Flagellaria indica	Flagellariaceae	Whole plant	In vitro	Inhibited DENV-2 (45.52% at a dose of 12.5 µg/mL)	[87]
Faramea bahinensis	Rubiaceae	Leaves	In vitro	Anti-DENV activity in HEPG2 (100% reduction in viral load)	[104]
Faramea hyacinthina and Faramea truncata	Rubiaceae	Leaves	In vitro	Anti-DENV activity in HEPG2 (90 to 100% at a dose of 50 μg/mL)	[105]
Faramea bahinensis, Faramea hyacinthina and Faramea truncata	Rubiaceae	Leaves and stem	In vitro	Anti-DENV activity in HEPG2 (70 to 93% at a dose of 50 μg/mL)	[106]
Hippophae rhamnoides	Elaeagnaceae	Leaves	Human	Anti-DENV activity in BHK-21 cells (1 PFU/mL at a dose of 50 mg/mL), decreased TNF-α and increased IFN-Υ	[107]
Houttuynia cordata	Saururaceae	Whole plant	In vitro	Inhibited DENV-2 replication (35.99% at a dose of 1.56 µg/mL)	[87]
		Aerial stem and leaves	In vitro	Inhibited the intracellular viral RNA replication (EC50 = 0.8 µg/mL)	[36]
		Aerial leaves	In vitro	Inhibited DENV-2 replication (IC50 = 0.98 mg/µL)	[108,109]
Ipomea batata	Convolvulaceae	Leaves	In vivo	Significant platelet increasing activity	[77]
Justicia adhatoda	Acanthaceae		In vitro	Inhibited the growth of Vero cells infected with DENV-2 at a dose of 60 µg/m	[110]
Piper retrofractum	Piperaceae	Whole plant	In vitro	Inhibited DENV-2 replication (84.93%at a dose of 100 µg/mL)	[87]
Psidium guajava	Myrtaceae	Bark	In vitro	Inhibited DENV-2 replication	[111]
		Leaves	In vitro	Inhibited DENV-2 replication at a dose of 60 µg/µL	[110]
Phyllanthus sp	Phyllanthaceae	Whole plant	In vitro	Inhibited DENV-2 replication (91.48% at a dose of 250 µg/mL)	[49]
Myristica fragrans	Myristicaceae	Leaves	In vitro	Inhibited DENV-2 replication (122.7% at a dose of 20 µg/mL)	[86]
Quersus lucitanica	Fagaceae	Seed	In vitro	Inhibited DENV-2 (100% at a dose of 0.032 mg/mL)	[112]
Rhizophora apiculata	Rhizophoraceae	Whole plant	In vitro	Inhibited DENV-2 replication (56.14% at a dose of 12.5 µg/mL)	[87]
Spondias mombin &	Anacardiaceae	Leaves juice	In vitro	Inhibited DENV-2 replication (3.31% at a dose of 500 µg/µL)	[85]
Spondias tuberosa	Anacardiaceae	Leaves juice	In vitro	Inhibited DENV-2 replication (99% at a dose of 500 17.98 µg/mL)	[85]
Uncaria tomentosa	Rubiaceae	Stem barks of	In vitro	Reducing DENV-Ag+ cell rates	[113]
Annona muricata	Annonaceae	Fruit	In vitro	Inhibited DENV-2 replication (99% at a dose of 1.25 mg/mL)	[114]
Catharanthus roseus	Apocynaceae	Leaves	In vitro	Inhibited DENV-2 replication (60% at a dose of 0.078 mg/mL)	[115]
Cynometra cauliflora	Fabaceae	Leaves	In vitro	Inhibited DENV-2 replication (78% at a dose of 12.5 mg/mL)	[116]
Orthosiphon stamineus	Lamiaceae	Leaves	In vitro	Inhibited DENV-2 replication (88% at a dose of 0.31 mg/mL)	[117]

Abbreviations: EC₅₀, median effective concentration; IC₅₀, median inhibitory concentration; DENV, dengue virus; PFU, plaque forming units.