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. 2020 Dec 30;11(1):42. doi: 10.3390/biom11010042

Table 3.

Isolated compound with bioactivity against DENV infection.

Compound Class of Compound Plant Source Antiviral Effects Reference
Andrographolide Diterpenoid Andrographis paniculata Anti-DENV activity in HepG2 (EC50 = 21.304 µM) and HeLa cell lines (EC50 = 22.739 µM) [118]
Good anti-DENV effects in both visual (EC50 = 0.56 µg/mL) and neutral red cytopathic effects (EC50 = 0.58 µg/mL) [129]
Reduced mean number of A. aegypti eggs and increased larvae mortality concentration-dependently [119]
Delayed disease onset, reduced mortality and DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 loads in infected mouse brains [130]
Apiofuranoside Flavanone glycosides Faramea bahiensis Controlled viral replication and reduced numbers of infected cells (12%) and RNA copies of DENV-2 (67%) in HepG2 cells [104]
Betulinic acid 3ß-caffeate Phenyl terpenoid Flacourtia ramontchi Inhibited DENV replication
(IC50 = 0.85 µM)		 [103]
Caffeoylcalleryanin Phenolic glycoside Arrabidaea pulchra Anti-DENV-2 activity
(IC50 = 2.8 µg/mL)		 [84]
Cardamonin Phenolic Boesenbergia rotunda Non-competitive anti-DENV activity [37]
Castanospermine Alkaloid Castanospermine australe Inhibited secretion and infectivity in all DENV serotypes in vitro.
Only inhibited DENV-2 in vivo and prevented mouse mortality.		 [120]
Chartaceones 1 Dialkylated flavanone Crypotocarya chartacea Inhibited NS5 RdRp
(IC50 = 14.8 µM)		 [127]
Chartaceones 2 Inhibited NS5 RdRp
(IC50 = 72.7 µM)		 [127]
Chartaceones 3 Inhibited NS5 RdRp
(IC50 = 4.2 µM)		 [127]
Chartaceones 4 Inhibited NS5 RdRp
(IC50 = 1.8 µM)		 [127]
Chartaceones 5 Inhibited NS5 RdRp
(IC50 = 2.9 µM)		 [127]
Chartaceones 6 Inhibited NS5 RdRp
(IC50 = 2.4 µM)		 [127]
Chlorogenic acid Phenolic acid Houttuynia cordata Synergistic antiviral effect of combined hyperoside and chlorogenic acid [109]
Ellagic acid Phenolic acid Spondias mombin and Spondias tuberosa Anti-DENV-2 (25%) at 500 µg/mL [85]
Flacourtoside A Phenolic glycoside Flacourtia ramontchi Inhibited DENV replication
(IC50 = 9.3 µM)		 [103]
Flacourtoside B Inhibited DENV replication
(IC50 = 71.1 µM)
Flacourtoside C Inhibited DENV replication
(IC50 = 23.8 µM)
Flacourtoside D Inhibited DENV replication
(IC50 = 35.5 µM)
Flacourtoside E Inhibited DENV replication
(IC50 = 13.4 µM)
Flacourtoside F Inhibited DENV replication
(IC50 = 39.8 µM)
Fucoidan Sulfated polysaccharide Cladosiphon okamuranus Inhibited DENV-2 Reduced infectivity by 20% at 10 µg/mL in BHK-21 cells [121]
Galactan Sulfated polysaccharide Cryptomenia crenulate Inhibited DENV-2 and DENV-3 replication in Vero cells (IC50 = 1.0 µg/mL), slight inhibitory effect against DENV-4, inactive against DENV-1 [122]
Gymnogongrus tolulosus Inhibited DENV-2 and DENV-3 replication in Vero cells (IC50 = 0.19–1.7 µg/mL) [123]
Galactomannan Polysaccharride Mimosa scabrella Reduced DENV-1 titer 100-fold in C6/36 cells at 347 mg/L [131]
Leucaena leucocephala Reduced DENV-1 titer 100-fold in C6/36 cells at 37 mg/L [131]
Glabranine Flavanone Tephrosia species Anti-DENV (70% inhibition) at 25 µM [132]
Hyperoside Flavonol glycoside Houttuynia cordata Synergistic antiviral effect of combination of hyperoside and chlorogenic acid [109]
4-Hydroxy-panduratin A Phenolic derivative Boesenbergia rotunda Competitive inhibitory activity against DENV-2 NS3 protease (K1 = 21 µM) [37]
Kappa carrageenan Sulfated polysaccharide Gymnogongrus griffithsiae Selectivity inhibited DENV-2 (IC50 = 0.9 µg/mL), DENV-3 and DENV-4 replication. Inactive against DENV-1 [122]
Meristiella gelidium Anti-DENV-2 activity (IC50 between 0.14–1.6 µg/mL) [125]
7-O-methyl-glabranine Flavanone Tephrosia species Exhibited 70% inhibition on DENV in a plaque-forming assay at 25 µM [132]
Methyl gallate Phenolic acid Quercus lusitanica Inhibited DENV-2 protease (98%) at 0.3 mg/mL [133]
Palmatine Alkaloid Coptis chinensis Inhibited DENV replication (EC50 = 26.4 µmol/L) [134]
Panduratin A Phenolic derivative Boesenbergia rotunda Competitive inhibitory activity against DENV-2 NS3 protease (K1 = 25 µM) [37]
Pectolinarin Flavone Distictella elongate Good anti-DENV-2 effect
(EC50 = 86.4 µg/mL)		 [101]
Pinostrobin Flavanone Boesenbergia rotunda Non-competitive DENV replication inhibitory activity [37]
Quercetin Flavonoid Houttuynia cordata Anti-DENV-2 effect at 500 µg/mL (IC50 = 176.76 µg/mL) [108]
Quercetin Flavonol Houttuynia cordata Synergistic antiviral effect of quercetirin and quercetin combination [109]
Spondias mombin and Spondias tuberosa Inhibited viral replication (50%) of DENV-2 at 500 µg/mL [85]
Quercetirin Flavonoid glycoside Houttuynia cordata Exhibited less activity in an uncombined form compared to its mixture with quercetin
(IC50 = 467.27 µg/mL)		 [108]
Houttuynia cordata Synergistic antiviral effect of quercetirin and quercetin combination. greater antiviral effects [109]
Rutin Flavonol glycoside Spondias mombin and Spondias tuberosa Inhibited viral replication of DENV-2 at 500 µg/mL by 68.42% [85]
Scolochinenoside D Phenolic glycoside Flacourtia ramontchi Inhibited DENV replication
(IC50 = 9.5 µM)		 [103]
Trigocherrin A Diterpenoid Trigonostemon cherrieri Inhibited DENV replication
(IC50 = 12.7 µM)		 [128]
Trigocherriolide B Diterpenoid Trigonostemon cherrieri Inhibited DENV replication
(IC50 = 3.1 µM)		 [128]
Trigocherriolide C Diterpenoid Trigonostemon cherrieri Inhibited DENV replication
(IC50 = 16.0 µM)		 [128]
Ursolic acid Triterpenoid Arrabidaea pulchra Displayed anti-DENV-2
(IC50 = 3.2 µg/mL)		 [84]
Verbascoside Phenyl glycoside Arrabidaea pulchra Displayed anti-DENV-2
(IC50 = 3.4 µg/mL)		 [84]
Baicalein Bioflavonoid Scutellaria baicalensis Displayed anti-DENV-2
(IC50 = 1.55 μg/mL)		 [135]
Zosteric acid Phenolic acid Zostera marina Displayed anti-DENV-2
(IC50 = 2.3 mM)		 [136]

Abbreviations: EC50, median effective concentration; IC50, median inhibitory concentration; DENV, dengue virus; DENV-1, dengue virus type-1; DENV-2, dengue virus type 2, DENV-3, dengue virus type 3, DENV-4, dengue virus type 4, RdRp, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; NS3, nonstructural protein 3.