Table 1.
Ruminal variables of cattle subjected to subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) induction with the use of citrus pulp.
| Variables | Evaluation Moments | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T0 | T3 | T6 | T9 | T12 | T15 | T18 | T24 | |
| pH | 6.93 ± 0.1 a | 5.84 ± 0.1 b | 5.5 ± 0.1 b | 5.59 ± 0.2 b | 5.82 ± 0.2 b | 6.02 ± 0.2 b | 6.16 ± 0.2 b | 6.36 ± 0.3 b |
| Aa (mmol/L) | 55.1 ± 6.2 c | 83.8 ± 7.2 a | 69.4 ± 4.7 b | 70.3 ± 8.4 b | 66.2 ± 7.0 b | 71.5 ± 6.6 b | 73.4 ± 9.0 b | 71.9 ± 8.3 b |
| Pa (mmol/L) | 12.0 ± 2.2 b | 22.4 ± 3.7 a | 21.1 ± 3.6 a | 24.7 ± 4.7 a | 25.6 ± 3.7 a | 29.0 ± 5.3 a | 26.3 ± 5.5 a | 24.2 ± 6.5 a |
| Ba (mmol/L) | 5.7 ± 0.9 d | 9.9 ± 1.2 c | 11.1 ± 1.6 bc | 13.5 ± 2.4 bc | 13.9 ± 3.7 ab | 14.0 ± 3.2 ab | 13.3 ± 3.8 bc | 10.3 ± 3.8 bc |
| SCFA (mmol/L) | 75.1 ± 9 b | 117.3 ± 13 a | 103.7 ± 9 a | 111.2 ± 14 a | 101.8 ± 21 a | 117.2 ± 7 a | 118.4 ± 9 a | 109.6 ± 14 a |
| Aa/Pa ratio | 4.7 ± 0.8 a | 3.7 ± 0.7 b | 3.3 ± 0.4 bc | 2.9 ± 0.3 c | 2.6 ± 0.3 c | 2.6 ± 0.8 c | 2.9 ± 0.7 c | 3.1 ± 0.8 c |
| GLU (mmol/L) | 0.74 ± 0.06 b | 7.07 ± 5.52 a | 0.80 ± 0.07 b | 0.81 ± 0.11 b | 0.79 ± 0.09 b | 0.81 ± 0.12 b | 0.77 ± 0.09 b | 0.73 ± 0.08 b |
| l-Lac (mmol/L) | 0.12 ± 0.02 c | 1.17 ± 0.5 b | 7.17 ± 1.3 a | 6.16 ± 0.9 a | 3.07 ± 0.5 b | 0.49 ± 0.01 bc | 0.09 ± 0.01 c | 0.05 ± 0.01 c |
| d-Lac (mmol/L) | 0.07 ± 0.01 b | 0.42 ± 0.02 a | 0.56 ± 0.02 a | 0.47 ± 0.02 a | - | - | - | - |
| Eh (mV) | 4.0 ± 7.3 e | 65.2 ± 20.8 c | 95.9 ± 15.6 a | 89.5 ± 16.1 ab | 75.7 ± 13.1 bc | 64.8 ± 14.3 cd | 56.3 ± 13.1 cd | 47.5 ± 19.9 d |
| OSM (mOsm/L) | 276 ± 30.5 c | 405 ± 45.2 a | 377 ± 23.9 a | 335 ± 27.5 ab | 304 ± 18.3 bc | 290 ± 20.1 c | 284 ± 14.8 c | 279 ± 7.2 c |
Different lowercase letters on the line denote differences between the assessment times (p < 0.05). T0 to T24 indicate the time in hours after the SARA induction. Aa: acetic acid; Pa: propionic acid; Ba: butyric acid; SCFA: short-chain fatty acid; GLU: glucose; l-Lac: l-Lactate; d-Lac: d-Lactate; OSM: osmolarity.