1St6Gal1	β-galactoside α-2,6-sialyltransferase
ACPAs	anti-citrullinated protein antibodies
ACTH	adrenocorticotropic hormone
AIA	adjuvant induced arthritis
bDMARDs	biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs
BMI	body-mass index
CAIA	collagen antibody-induced arthritis
CIA	collagen-induced arthritis
CRP	C-reactive protein
DC	dendritic cells
DMARDs	disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs
ESR	erythrocyte sedimentation rate
FLSs	fibroblast-like synoviocytes
GDP	gross domestic product
HIF-2α	hypoxia-inducible factor-2α
HLA	human leukocyte antigen
IA	itaconate (methylene succinic acid)
IFN-γ	interferon-γ
IgG	immunoglobulin G
IL	interleukin
IRG1	immune-responsive gene-1
LPS	lipopolysaccharide
MC	mast cells
MHC	major histocompatibility complex
MIA	monoiodoacetate model
MMPs	matrix metalloproteinases
MT	metallothionein
MTF1	metal-regulatory transcription factor 1;
NF-κB	nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
NK	natural killer cells
NLRP3	nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3
NO	nitric oxide
OA	osteoarthritis
PADI4	peptidylarginine deiminase
PHA	phytohaemagglutinin
PMNs	blood polymorphonuclear cells
PTM	post-translational modification
RA	rheumatoid arthritis
RF	rheumatoid factor
ROS	reactive oxygen species
SCFAs	short chain fatty acids
SDH	succinate dehydrogenase
SOD	superoxide dismutase
TCA	Krebs cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle)
Th1	T helper 1 cells
Th17	T helper 17 cells
Th2	T helper 2 cells
TNF-α	tumour necrosis factor-α
ZIP	Zrt-/Irt-like protein
ZnO NPs	zinc oxide nanoparticles