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Wound-healing repair after free P. spinosa fruit extract (free PSF), extract-loaded vesicles (PSF-DOPCs and PSF-DOPGs) and empty vesicles (DOPCs and DOPGs) treatment. The graph shows the percentage of wound closure compared to untreated control (CTRL) after 48 h. The values reported are the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. * p < 0.05 vs. CTRL (Student’s t-test). § p < 0.05 vs. P. spinosa extract.
