Table 1.

Salivary biomarkers involved in fibromyalgia diagnosis.

Biomarker	Salivary Levels in Patients	Findings
Cortisol	Increased levels [31,32]	Association between high levels of cortisol in early stages of the pathology [31,32] that correspond to peaks in pain, stress [33,34,35], and depression [36].
	Decreased levels [37,38]	Low cortisol levels are associated with the duration of the disease, and may be the cause of chronic adaptation to stress in fibromyalgia patients [37,39,40].
α-Amylase	Increased levels [33,41,42,43]	Fluctuations in amylase levels were observed depending on the timing of the sampling [42,44]. These changes may have been related to pain and stress in patients with fibromyalgia [33,45,46].
Transaldolasa	Increased levels [47,48]	Overexpression of transaldolase in FM-affected women that may have been due to decreased oxidative tissue damage [47]. Increased expression of transaldolase by two-dimensional electrophoresis was not useful to differentiate between FM and migraine [48].
	Unaltered levels [49]	Absence of changes in transaldolase expression in response to thermal treatments [49].
Phosphoglycerate mutase 1	Increased levels [47,48]	Overexpression of PGM1 determined by ELISA, Western blot, and total optical density [47]. This increase in PGM1 expression can also be detected in patients with migraine [48].
	Decreased levels [49]	FGM1 was significantly reduced in FM subjects after receiving mud-balneotherapy [49].
Calgranulina	Increased levels [47,50]	Increased levels of calgranulin A and C in fibromyalgia patients [47], which may be explained by their protective role against oxidative stress [50].