Table 2.

Associations between allergic rhinitis and risk of laryngeal pathology (multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression).

Variables	Adjusted HR	95% CI		p-Value
Main Model *	2.43	2.36	2.50	<0.001
Additional Covariates †
Main model + asthma	2.45	2.38	2.53	<0.001
Main model + COPD	2.43	2.36	2.50	<0.001
Main model + CRS	2.43	2.36	2.50	<0.001
Main model + GERD	2.45	2.38	2.53	<0.001
Main model + NSD	2.43	2.36	2.51	<0.001
Subgroup Effects ‡
Gender
Male	2.70	2.58	2.82	<0.001
Female	2.24	2.15	2.33	<0.001
Age (yrs)
<30	1.99	1.90	2.09	<0.001
30–60	2.73	2.60	2.87	<0.001
>60	2.86	2.69	3.05	<0.001
Asthma
Yes	2.04	1.86	2.23	<0.001
No	2.51	2.43	2.59	<0.001
GERD
Yes	2.12	1.92	2.34	<0.001
No	2.49	2.41	2.57	<0.001
COPD
Yes	2.53	2.28	2.80	<0.001
No	2.42	2.35	2.50	<0.001
CRS
Yes	1.49	1.27	1.75	<0.001
No	2.47	2.39	2.54	<0.001
NSD
Yes	1.21	1.00	1.46	0.047
No	2.47	2.39	2.55	<0.001

Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval. * Primary model adjusted by sex, age, urbanization, and income. † Models adjusted for primary model covariates and each additional listed comorbidity. ‡ Model adjusted for income, sex, age, and urbanization.