Figure 1.
Antibiofilm strategies of probiotic cells and/or their metabolites: displacement–probiotics and/or their substances are added to a pre-formed pathogen biofilm; exclusion–pathogenic cells are added to a pre-formed probiotic biofilm or to a surface pre-coated with antibiofilm substances isolated from probiotics; competition–probiotic cells and/or their substances and pathogenic cells are co-cultured.