Table 1.

Displacement studies in medical devices.

Antibiofilm Substances and Probiotic Strains		Abiotic Surface	Biofilm Forming Pathogens	Percentages of Reduction	Ref.	Major Conclusions
Biosurfactants	L. brevis L. gasseri L. jensenii L. rhamnosus	Polystyrene Silicone elastomeric discs	Ac. baumannii C. albicans C. krusei C. tropicalis En. aerogenes E. coli K. pneumoniae S. aureus S. saprophyticus	58% 37% 37% 33% 64% 46%–65% 16% 61% 39%	[27] [57,80] [80] [80] [80] [27,80] [80] [27] [80]	Biosurfactants disrupted the biofilms of all bacteria by 16%–65%, depending on the concentration. For yeasts, a biofilm reduction of 35% was achieved.
Bacteriocins	L. acidophilus L. plantarum	Foley silicone catheter pieces Polystyrene	P. aeruginosa Ser. marcescens	59% 48%	[84] [85]	Bacteriocins showed inhibitory activity against P. aeruginosa (59%) and living cells of Ser. marcescens (48%).
EPS	Leu. citreum Leu. mesenteroides Leu. pseudo-mesenteroides Ped. pentosaceus	N.A.	Ent. faecalis E. coli S. aureus	53% 62% 77%	[86] [86] [86]	The capacity of EPS to disrupt pre-formed biofilms increased with increasing concentrations, and it was lower than the capacity to prevent adhesion. Biofilm formation was reduced by 53%–77%.
Cell-free supernatants	L. fermentum L. gasseri L. helveticus L. pentosus L. plantarum L. rhamnosus Strep. salivarius	Glass Polystyrene Polyurethane PVC	C. albicans C. krusei C. parapsilosis C. tropicalis E. coli K. pneumoniae P. aeruginosa S. aureus	80% 67% 40% 64% N.A. 78% 74% 50%	[87] [88] [88] [88] [89] [90] [90] [91]	CFS induced biofilm disruption on the different surfaces by 38%–80%, depending on the species. The neutralized supernatants inhibited P. aeruginosa (74%) and K. pneumoniae biofilm formation (78%).
Cells	B. infantis B. longum Ent. faecium L. acidophilus L. casei L. casei rhamnosus L. casei shirota L. fermentum L. helveticus L. paracasei L. plantarum L. reuteri L. rhamnosus L. rhamnosus GG Lact. lactis Lact. lactis cremoris Strep. cremoris Strep. salivarius Strep. thermophilus	Bovine enamel saliva-coated Denture surface Glass Polyurethane Saliva-conditioned titanium discs Silicone latex Silicone rubber	At. vaginae C. albicans C. tropicalis E. coli G. vaginalis S. aureus Strep. mutans Strep. oralis Staphylococcal strains Streptococcal strains	N.A. 80%–99% 88%–95% 80% N.A. 98% 29%–99% 99% 83% 83%	[89] [60,65,87,92] [60,92] [93] [89] [94] [95,96] [96] [60] [60]	Probiotics overlaid on pre-formed biofilms reduced the biofilm culturable cells of Gram-positive bacteria by 79%–99% and biofilm formation by 89%–94%. Biofilm culturable cells of yeasts were reduced by more than 63%. B. infantis and Ent. faecium did not reduce the number of yeasts in biofilms. L. rhamnosus microcapsules reduced E. coli culturable cells in the biofilm up to 80%, in a dose-dependent manner.
Lipoteichoic acid (LTA)	L. plantarum	Glass Polystyrene	A. naeslundii Ent. faecalis L. salivarius Strep. mutans	N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.	[97] [97] [97] [97,98]	LTA activity was inconsistent.

Abbreviations: CFS, Cell-Free Supernatant; EPS, Exopolysaccharides; PVC, Polyvinyl Chloride; N.A., Not Available. Ac., Acinetobacter; A., Actinomyces; At., Atopobium; B., Bifidobacterium; C., Candida; En., Enterobacter; Ent., Enterococcus; E., Escherichia; G., Gardnerella; K., Klebsiella; L., Lactobacillus; Lact., Lactococcus; Leu., Leuconostoc; Ped., Pediococcus; P., Pseudomonas; Ser., Serratia; S., Staphylococcus; Strep., Streptococcus.