Figure 5.

Generalized schematic of the operating principles of DTF-monitoring electrochemical biosensors. 1: During operation, enzymes immobilized at, or near an electrode, are supplied with their required cofactors and substrates which produce a constant rate of enzymatic product. 2: The electrochemical detection of the formed enzymatic products generates the biosensor’s signal. 3: The presence of DTF pesticides inhibits the enzyme activity, lowering the electrochemical signal to an extent proportional to DTF concentration.