Table 3.
Examples of biosensors for DTF based on enzymatic inhibition.
| Fungicide | Detection Method | Enzyme | Limit of Detection | Incubation Time | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ziram | Square wave voltammetry/GPE | LACC 1, adsorption on electrodeposited Prussian Blue film | 0.002 ppm | 15 min | [77] |
| Ziram | Square wave voltammetry/GPE | LACC-TYR-AuNPs -CS electrodeposited film | 1 ppb | 20 min | [79] |
| Maneb | Amperometry/Pt electrode | ALDH+DP, entrapment in PVA/SbQ | 1.48 ppb | 15 min | [81] |
| Zineb | Amperometry/Pt-sputtered SPCE | ALDH and NADH oxidase/entrapment in PVA/SbQ | 8 ppm 8–80 ppb |
5 min | [82] |
| MITC | Amperometry/MBRS SPCE | ALDH/entrapment in PVA/SbQ | 100 ppm | 10 min | [78] |
| Maneb and zineb | Chronoamperometry/MBRS-SPCE | ALDH/ entrapment in PVA/SbQ or cross-linking with glutaraldehyde | 31.5 ppb–maneb 35 ppb-zineb |
10 min | [80] |
| Propineb (and organophosphates) | Potentiometry/Ag coated with AgCl | Working electrode inserted into Calcium-alginate beads containing 5 × 104 cultured N2a or Vero mammalian cells. | 0.33 μM (Vero cells) to 1.65 μM (N2a) |
2.5 min | [83] |
1 Abbreviations: PVA-SbQ: poly(vinyl alcohol), bearing styrylpyridinium groups. MITC: Methyl Isothiocyanate. MBRS: Meldola Blue-Reinecke salt. GPE: Graphene doped carbon paste electrode. AuNO: gold nanoparticles. CS: chitosan SPCE: screen-printed carbon electrode. LACC: laccase. Tyr: tyrosinase. ALDH: aldehyde dehydrogenase. DP: diaphorase.