Figure 2.

Physicochemical properties of dry powder for inhalation; (I) Effect of particle sizes on fine particle fraction (FPF) aerosolized at different air volume. Reproduced with permission from [52], Elsevier, 2000; (II) SEM images of differently shaped particles prepared for aerosolization: (A) pollen-shaped, (B) spherical shaped, (C) plate-shaped, (D) cube-shaped, and (E) needle-shaped particles; Reproduced with permission from [53], Springer, 2009; (III) the effects of shape on aerosolization. Reproduced with permission from [53], Springer, 2009; (IV) comparison of dispersibility of wrinkled and smooth-surfaced particles at different airflows. Reproduced with permission from [14], Mary Ann Liebert, 2002; (V) net surface charge (nC/g = nanocoulomb/gram,) in relation to volume mean diameter of spray-dried mannitol (SDM-A_{90 µm}, B_{63 µm}, C_{45 µm}, and D_{20 µm}) Reproduced with permission from [70], Springer, 2013.