(a–d): Detection of neurotropic astrovirus infection with immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in-situ hybridization (ISH). (a–b): IHC for the capsid protein ORF2 of BoAstV-CH13/NeuroS1 of the spinal ganglia (a) and the cerebral cortex (b) using the polyclonal antiserum ORF2-con. There is strong red granular-like staining of neuronal cells and their extensions, which morphologically appear to be neurons, bar 100 µm. (c): IHC for the capsid protein using the polyclonal antiserum CH13-23917. There is multifocal immunolabelling of neuronal cells and their extensions, morphologically compatible with neurons, cervical spinal cord, bar 200 µm. (d): ISH; The RNA probe is directed against ORF2 of BoAstV-CH13/NeuroS1. There is massive intracytoplasmic red granular staining of neuronal cells and their extensions, morphologically compatible with neurons, hippocampus, bar 100 µm.