Table 2.
Body composition at baseline and after the 10-week intervention.
| NORM | LCHF | NORM-EX | LCHF-EX | NORM vs. LCHF | NORM vs. NORM-EX | LCHF vs. LCHF-EX | NORM-EX vs. LCHF-EX | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome Variables | Between Group Differences at Baseline vs. Post Intervention (p-Values) ^ | |||||||
| Body Composition | (n = 15) | (n = 14) | (n = 14) | (n = 14) | ||||
| Lean body mass (kg) pre | 47.9 ± 4.4 | 48.1 ± 3.9 | 49.0 ± 4.5 | 45.9 ± 5.3 | 0.869 | 0.471 | 0.192 | 0.082 |
| Lean body mass (kg) post | 46.1 ± 4.3 | 47.2 ± 4.3 | 48.2 ± 5.0 | 44.2 ± 4.8 | 0.546 | 0.234 | 0.201 | 0.103 |
| Within-group change (p-value) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
| Fat mass (kg) pre | 38.9 ± 6.0 | 37.8 ± 5.7 | 37.5 ± 6.0 | 39.1 ± 6.5 | 0.588 | 0.551 | 0.550 | 0.519 |
| Fat mass (kg) post | 35.8 ± 6.1 | 31.5 ± 3.1 | 32.5 ± 7.2 | 33.5 ± 7.4 | 0.198 | 0.272 | 0.792 | 0.867 |
| Within-group change (p-value) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Fat % (tissue) pre | 43.3 ± 5.0 | 42.5 ± 3.9 | 41.8 ± 3.5 | 44.5 ± 3.3 | 0.512 | 0.246 | 0.128 | 0.031 |
| Fat % (tissue) post | 43.5 ± 3.5 | 40.0 ± 3.0 | 40.0 ± 4.2 | 42.8 ± 4.6 | 0.063 | 0.024 * | 0.477 | 0.315 |
| Within-group change (p-value) | 0.606 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Visceral fat (kg) pre | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 0.250 | 0.391 | 0.123 | 0.275 |
| Visceral fat (kg) post | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.182 | 0.186 | 0.512 | 0.362 |
| Within-group change (p-value) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Waist-hip ratio (U) pre | 0.88 ± 0.07 | 0.87 ± 0.07 | 0.87 ± 0.05 | 0.89 ± 0.06 | 0.793 | 0.650 | 0.607 | 0.412 |
| Waist-hip ratio (U) post | 0.86 ± 0.07 | 0.84 ± 0.07 | 0.84 ± 0.04 | 0.87 ± 0.04 | 0.391 | 0.339 | 0.302 | 0.180 |
| Within-group change (p-value) | 0.044 * | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.067 | ||||
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Linear mixed models, with pairwise comparisons were used to evaluate within- and between-group differences. Significant values are presented with bold numbers. ^ Differences between groups at post-measurements are adjusted for baseline measurements. * p-values marked with* are no longer significant with Bonferroni adjustment. NORM: normal diet, LCHF: low-carbohydrate high-fat diet, NORM-EX: normal diet combined with exercise, LCHF-EX: low-carbohydrate high-fat diet combined with exercise.