. 2020 Dec 30;13(1):110. doi: 10.3390/nu13010110

Table 3.

Cardiorespiratory fitness and lipid profile at baseline and after the 10-week intervention.

	NORM	LCHF	NORM-EX	LCHF-EX	NORM vs. LCHF	NORM vs. NORM-EX	LCHF vs. LCHF-EX	NORM-EX vs. LCHF-EX
Outcome Variables					Between Group Differences at Baseline vs. Post Intervention (p-Values) ^
Cardiorespiratory Fitness	(n = 15)	(n = 14)	(n = 14)	(n = 14)
$\dot{V}$ O_2peak (mL∙min⁻¹) pre	2497 ± 239	2490 ± 340	2478 ± 315	2259 ± 330	0.954	0.847	0.086	0.067
$\dot{V}$ O_2peak (mL∙min⁻¹) post	2364 ± 273	2356 ± 409	2715 ± 310	2416 ± 345	0.864	0.001	0.311	0.080
Within-group change (p-value)	<0.01	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Lipids	(n = 15)	(n = 14)	(n = 14)	(n = 14)
Total cholesterol (mmol∙L⁻¹) pre	5.2 ± 0.7	5.1 ± 0.8	5.0 ± 0.8	5.6 ± 1.1	0.798	0.431	0.179	0.064
Total cholesterol (mmol∙L⁻¹) post	4.7 ± 0.7	4.7 ± 1.0	3.9 ± 0.6	4.9 ± 1.1	0.958	0.003	0.513	0.004
Within-group change (p-value)	<0.001	0.016	<0.001	<0.001
LDL (mmol∙L⁻¹) pre	3.0 ± 0.6	3.1 ± 0.8	2.9 ± 0.8	3.5 ± 1.0	0.775	0.836	0.190	0.071
LDL (mmol∙L⁻¹) post	2.7 ± 0.7	2.8 ± 0.8	2.3 ± 0.6	2.9 ± 0.9	0.698	0.066	0.544	0.018 *
Within-group change (p-value)	0.005	0.103	<0.001	0.001
HDL (mmol∙L⁻¹) pre	1.6 ± 0.3	1.5 ± 0.2	1.4 ± 0.4	1.5 ± 0.4	0.260	0.158	0.988	0.531
HDL (mmol∙L⁻¹) post	1.3 ± 0.2	1.3 ± 0.2	1.1 ± 0.2	1.3 ± 0.3	0.527	0.029 *	0.576	0.177
Within-group change (p-value)	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
TG (mmol∙L⁻¹) pre	1.10 ± 0.48	1.06 ± 0.27	1.37 ± 0.76	1.45 ± 0.52	0.739	0.238	0.004	0.728
TG (mmol∙L⁻¹) post	1.11 ± 0.34	1.00 ± 0.26	0.87 ± 0.21	1.03 ± 0.36	0.405	0.030 *	0.938	0.198
Within-group change (p-value)	0.952	0.583	<0.001	<0.001
Total cholesterol/HDL ratio pre	3.3 ± 0.8	3.4 ± 0.8	3.7 ± 1.1	3.9 ± 1.0	0.663	0.202	0.207	0.748
Total cholesterol/HDL ratio post	3.6 ± 0.9	3.7 ± 1.0	3.6 ± 0.8	3.8 ± 0.8	0.640	0.980	0.962	0.534
Within-group change (p-value)	0.007	0.004	0.511	0.740

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Linear mixed models, with pairwise comparisons were used to evaluate within- and between-group differences. Significant values are presented with bold numbers. ^ Differences between groups at post-measurements are adjusted for baseline measurements. * p-values marked with* are no longer significant with Bonferroni adjustment. NORM: normal diet, LCHF: low-carbohydrate high-fat diet, NORM-EX: normal diet combined with exercise, LCHF-EX: low-carbohydrate high-fat diet combined with exercise. $\dot{V}$ O_2peak: peak oxygen uptake, LDL: low-density lipoprotein, HDL: high-density lipoprotein, TG: triglyceride.