Table 1.
Baseline characteristic of lung cancer patients and control group.
| Parameter | Lung Cancer Patients | Control Group | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic Factors | |||
| Sex, F/M (%, n) | 45.8/54.2 (76/90) | 54.2/45.8 (26/22) | 0.306 |
| Age, years (median (Q–Q3)) | 66.0 (60.0–73.0) | 58.0 (45.0–66.0) | <0.001 |
| Education: Primary/vocational/high school/college (%, n) | 16.3/32.7/34.6/16.3 (25/50/53/25) | 6.7/22.2/42.2/28.9 (3/10/19/13) | 0.118 |
| Smoking status: Never/previous/current (%, n) | 26.5/45.2/28.4 (40/70/44) | 66.7/8.9/24.4 (30/4/11) | <0.001 |
| Passive smoking: Yes/no (%, n) | 21.9/78.1 (22/122) | 24.4/75.6 (11/34) | 0.788 |
| Number of cigarettes per day: Zero/<20/≥20 (%, n) | 71.6/4.5/23.9 (110/7/37) | 77.8/2.2/20.0 (35/1/9) | 0.900 |
| Alcohol consumption: Yes/no (%, n) | 49.0/51.0 (76/79) | 84.4/15.6 (38/7) | <0.001 |
| Number of alcoholic drinks (10 g ethanol) per week: 0/1–4/5–10/11–20/>20 (%, n) | 51.0/21.3/13.6/10.3/3.9 (79/33/21/16/6) | 15.6/43.2/20.5/13.6/6.8 (7/19/9/6/3) | 0.005 |
| Nutritional factors | |||
| Weight, kg (median (Q1–Q3)) | 71.0 (60.0–81.0) | 78.0 (68.7–86.5) | 0.005 |
| BMI, kg/m2 (median (Q1–Q3) | 26.5 (22.9–29.6) | 27.1 (24.6–30.5) | 0.121 |
| Underweight/proper weight/overweight, obese (%, n) | 8.0/32.5/59.6 (12/49/90) | 0.0/26.7/73.3 (0/12/33) | 0.082 |
| Adipose tissue, % (median (Q1–Q3)) | 27.8 (20.9–33.8) | 33.1 (26.8–39.4) | 0.004 |
| WHR, arbitrary unit (median (Q1–Q3)) | 0.94 (0.88–0.97) | 0.85 (0.80–0.93) | <0.001 |
| Abdominal obesity: Yes/no (%, n) | 77.1/22.9 (111/33) | 50.0/50.0 (19/19) | 0.001 |
| Diet energy from carbohydrate/fat/protein (%) | 51.9/30.2/15.4 | 50.6/28.7/16.3 | |
| Nutrient intake (median (Q1–Q3)) | |||
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2052.0 (1583.4–2546.3) | 1932.5 (1560.0–2284.4) | 0.277 |
| Protein intake (g/day) | 79.2 (59.7–102.5) | 79.9 (68.7–98.7) | 0.990 |
| Carbohydrate intake (g/day) | 285.1 (223.0–339.0) | 244.8 (204.3–320.0) | 0.110 |
| Fat intake (g/day) | 67.6 (50.8–91.9) | 66.1 (45.6–79.2) | 0.211 |
| Cu intake (mg/day) | 1.36 (1.14–1.67) | 1.31 (1.10–1.46) | 0.089 |
| Zn intake (mg/day) | 10.3 (8.19–13.7) | 10.04 (8.64–11.69) | 0.390 |
| Fe intake (mg/day) | 12.3 (9.85–15.3) | 12.58 (10.0–13.64) | 0.739 |
| Mn intake (mg/day) | 4.53 (3.78–5.71) | 4.78 (3.15–5.94) | 0.844 |
| Ca intake (mg/day) | 743.1 (565.6–970.9) | 571.1 (479.3–822.0) | 0.006 |
| Mg intake (mg/day) | 341.1 (290.6–413.4) | 340.1 (279.7–385.3) | 0.356 |
| Dietary fiber intake (g/day) | 22.5 (18.4–26.9) | 20.8 (16.9–29.9) | 0.578 |
| Clinical characteristics | |||
| Clinical stage of disease: I/II/III/IV (%, n) | 44.9/19.1/14.7/21.3 (61/26/20/29) | NA | |
| Chemotherapy: Yes (%, n) * | 40.7 (68) | ||
| Radiotherapy: Yes (%, n) | 10.8 (18) | ||
| Lung cancer resection: Yes (%, n) | 66.5 (111) | ||
| Type of lung cancer: NSCLC/SCLC/carcinoid (%, n) | 93.4/5.4/1.2 (156/9/2) | ||
| CVD: Yes/no (%, n) | 43.8/56.2 (67/86) | ||
| COPD: Yes/no (%, n) | 13.7/86.3 (21/132) | ||
| DM: Yes/no (%, n) | 15.0/84.9 (23/130) | ||
| Hb, g/dL (median (Q1–Q3)) | 12.9 (11.8–14.1) | ||
| Anemia: Yes/no (%, n) | 39.1/60.9 (61/95) | ||
| Platelets, 103 cells/µL, (median (Q1–Q3)) | 254.0 (196.0–308.0) | ||
| Platelets <150/150–400/>400 (%, n) | 8.3/84.0/7.7 (13/131/12) | ||
| NLR, arbitrary unit (median (Q1–Q3)) | 2.36 (1.61–4.97) | ||
| eGFR ≥ 90/<90 mL/min/1.73 m2 (%, n) | 64.3/35.7 (81/45) | ||
| Creatinine, mg/dL, (median (Q1–Q3)) | 0.78 (0.65–0.9) | ||
| Creatinine <0.7/0.7–1.2/>1.2 (%, n) | 34.0/58.3/7.6 (49/84/11) | ||
| Glucose, mg/dL, (median (Q1–Q3)) | 101.0 (93.2–112.2) | ||
| Glucose <100.0/100.0–125.9/≥126.0 (%, n) | 45.0/41.3/13.7 (49/45/15) | ||
F, female; M, male; BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist–hip ratio; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; SCLC, small cell lung cancer; CVD, cardiovascular disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM, diabetes mellitus type 1 or 2; Hb, hemoglobin; NLR, neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; * percentages of post-study oncological treatment types do not sum-up to 100, due to multiple treatment regimens.