Table 4.

Multiple Cox regression models predicting lung cancer mortality.

Model	Parameters	HR	95% CI HR	p
I (for serum Cu)	Serum Cu per 0.1 mg/L	1.13	1.03–1.24	0.010
	Clinical stage IV vs. I	3.14	1.43–6.89	0.004
	Clinical stage III vs. I	3.25	1.35–7.78	0.008
	Clinical stage II vs. I	0.75	0.26–2.20	0.604
II (for serum Zn)	Clinical stage IV vs. I	3.72	1.73–8.03	<0.001
	Clinical stage III vs. I	3.52	1.48–8.37	0.004
	Clinical stage II vs. I	0.89	0.31–2.59	0.842
III (for serum Cu:Zn ratio)	Serum Cu:Zn per 0.1 arbitrary unit	1.06	1.01–1.11	0.009
	DM: yes vs. no	1.83	1.00–3.35	0.049
IV (for whole blood Cu)	Whole blood Cu per 0.1 mg/L	1.09	1.00–1.19	0.04
	Clinical stage IV vs. I	3.24	1.49–7.06	0.003
	Clinical stage III vs. I	3.81	1.52–9.49	0.004
	Clinical stage II vs. I	0.77	0.27–2.25	0.639
V (for whole blood Zn)	Whole blood Zn per 1 mg/L	1.25	1.04–1.52	0.021
	Clinical stage IV vs. I	2.59	1.13–5.94	0.024
	Clinical stage III vs. I	2.99	1.26–7.14	0.013
	Clinical stage II vs. I	0.69	0.24–2.01	0.496
VI (for whole blood Cu:Zn)	Clinical stage IV vs. I	3.54	1.65–7.59	0.001
	Clinical stage III vs. I	3.12	1.28–7.57	0.012
	Clinical stage II vs. I	0.91	0.31–2.61	0.853

DM, diabetes mellitus type 1 or 2. Models I, II, and IV–VI were adjusted by the following parameters: Age (continuous), sex, passive smoking (yes/no), smoking status (yes/no/previous), alcohol consumption (yes/no), BMI (<20/20–24.9/>24.9 kg/m²), abdominal obesity, DM (yes/no), CVD (yes/no), COPD (yes/no), clinical stage (I, II, III, IV), anemia (yes/no), platelet count (<150/150–400/>400 × 10³ cells/µL), and NLR (<2.36 vs. >2.36 arbitrary unit). Model III was adjusted by age (continuous), sex, passive smoking (yes/no), smoking status (yes/no/previous), alcohol consumption (yes/no), BMI (<20/20–24.9/>24.9 kg/m²), DM (yes/no), CVD (yes/no), COPD (yes/no), anemia (yes/no), and platelet count (<150/150–400/>400 × 10³ cells/µL).