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. 2021 Jan 5;13(1):33. doi: 10.3390/toxins13010033

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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BmK NSPK-augmented spontaneous Ca²⁺ oscillations and depolarized membrane in spinal cord neurons (SCNs). (A) Representative traces showing BmK NSPK effect on spontaneous calcium oscillation (SCOs) in SCNs. (B) Concentration–response curve of BmK NSPK-altered SCO frequency. (C) Concentration–response curve of BmK NSPK-altered SCO amplitude. N = 4 wells. (D) Representative traces showing BmK NSPK effect in membrane potential (0 pA input) before and after addition of BmK NSPK in SCNs. The black arrowheads indicated the addition of vehicle control. The red, green, blue, and purple arrowheads indicated the additions of different concentrations of BmK NSPK. (E) BmK NSPK depolarizes SCNs membrane. *, p < 0.05, **, p < 0.01, vs. Vehicle (Veh).