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. 2021 Jan 5;10(1):36. doi: 10.3390/pathogens10010036

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Nanoparticles as vaccines against medically important arboviruses. (A) Types of materials used to develop vaccines based on nanotechnology against DENV, ZIKV, JEV, WNV, and CHIKV. (B) Bipartite network graph showing a spatially connected network among the type of material used to develop nanoparticles and the target virus. Each node represents a virus or the type of nanoparticle material. The layout was generated using a force-based algorithm followed by manual rearrangement for better visualization of the connections. Legend: ABP: Amyloid beta-protein; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CaCl2: Calcium chloride; CapH: Calcium phosphate; Carb: carbon; CHIKV: Chikungunya virus; CHIT: chitosan; CpG: CpG oligodeoxynucleotide; DENV: Dengue virus; HBAg: Hepatitis B antigen; IPEI: polyethyleneimine; JEV: Japanese encephalitis virus; LPP: lipoprotein; LPP: lipoprotein; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; PAA: poly(amido amine), PEG: Polyethylene glycol; PGGA: poly(gamma-glutamic acid); PLGA: poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); WNV: West Nile virus; ZIKV: Zika virus.

Nanoparticles as vaccines against medically important arboviruses. (A) Types of materials used to develop vaccines based on nanotechnology against DENV, ZIKV, JEV, WNV, and CHIKV. (B) Bipartite network graph showing a spatially connected network among the type of material used to develop nanoparticles and the target virus. Each node represents a virus or the type of nanoparticle material. The layout was generated using a force-based algorithm followed by manual rearrangement for better visualization of the connections. Legend: ABP: Amyloid beta-protein; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CaCl2: Calcium chloride; CapH: Calcium phosphate; Carb: carbon; CHIKV: Chikungunya virus; CHIT: chitosan; CpG: CpG oligodeoxynucleotide; DENV: Dengue virus; HBAg: Hepatitis B antigen; IPEI: polyethyleneimine; JEV: Japanese encephalitis virus; LPP: lipoprotein; LPP: lipoprotein; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; PAA: poly(amido amine), PEG: Polyethylene glycol; PGGA: poly(gamma-glutamic acid); PLGA: poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); WNV: West Nile virus; ZIKV: Zika virus.