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. 2020 Sep 25;178(2):375–390. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa146

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Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Toxicology 2020.

This work is written by US Government employees and is in the public domain in the US.

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Figure 4. — Cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of the air, tobacco smoke (TS)-, crystalline silica (CS)-, and TS plus CS-exposed rats. Groups of rats were exposed to air (control), TS, CS or TS plus CS and the BALF obtained following euthanasia of the rats and lung lavage were analyzed for various cytokines and chemokines as described in the text. Data represent mean ± SE (n = 6). Statistical significance (p < .05) among the different groups of rats is represented by the differences in the letters (a, b, and c) above the corresponding bars. BALF levels of the remaining cytokines analyzed in the rats are presented in Supplementary Table 1.