Table 1.
Demographics and clinical feature of participants ()
| FES (n = 53) |
CHR (n = 55) |
HC (n = 53) |
Total (n = 161) |
F/t/χ2 | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 24.91 ± 7.07 | 21.36 ± 5.34 | 25.02 ± 3.62 | 23.73 ± 5.75 | 18.41 | <.001 |
| Education level (years) | 12.38 ± 3.42 | 13.02 ± 3.17 | 14.06 ± 3.17 | 13.15 ± 3.30 | 2.51 | .06 |
| IQ | 99.33 ± 12.69 | 108.72 ± 11.83 | 112.40 ± 12.67 | 107.28 ± 13.43 | 21.72 | <.001 |
| Age at onset | 22.55 ± 6.50 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Duration of illness (months) | 25.51 ± 20.70 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Medication | ||||||
| Unmedicated (n) | 7 (13.2%) | 24 (43.6%) | NA | 31 | NA | NA |
| Antipsychotics (n)a | 43 (81.1%) | 14 (25.5%) | NA | 57 | NA | NA |
| Antidepressants (n) | 0 | 8 (14.5%) | NA | 8 | NA | NA |
| Antidepressants + antipsychotics (n) | 1 (1.9%) | 6 (10.9%) | NA | 7 | NA | NA |
| Unspecified (n) | 2 (3.8%) | 2 (3.6%) | NA | 4 | NA | NA |
| TCM (n) | 0 | 1 (1.8%) | NA | 1 | NA | NA |
| SIPS—Positive | NA | 9.42 ± 4.01 | 0.40 ± 1.26 | 4.87 ± 5.40 | −9.00 | <.001 |
| SIPS—Negative | NA | 9.42 ± 5.49 | 0.21 ± 0.81 | 4.77 ± 6.04 | −9.03 | <.001 |
| SIPS—Disorganization | NA | 4.79 ± 3.34 | 0.15 ± 0.56 | 2.45 ± 3.32 | −8.47 | <.001 |
| SIPS—General | NA | 5.40 ± 3.65 | 0.13 ± 0.48 | 2.74 ± 3.70 | −8.51 | <.001 |
| SIPS—Total | NA | 29.04 ± 12.64 | 0.89 ± 2.77 | 14.83 ± 16.80 | −9.08 | <.001 |
| PANSS—Positive | 23.21 ± 5.67 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| PANSS—Negative | 20.87 ± 7.72 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| PANSS—General | 42.12 ± 6.60 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| PANSS—Total | 84.45 ± 14.59 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Men, n (%) | 28 (52.8) | 32 (58.2) | 29 (54.7) | 89 (55.3) | 0.32 | .85 |
| Family history, n (%) | 10 (18.86) | 17 (30.9) | 0 (0) | 27 (16.77) | 18.68 | <.001 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 5 (9.4) | 6 (10.9) | 6 (11.3) | 17 (10.6) | 1.15 | .88 |
| Married, n (%) | 8 (15.1) | 4 (7.3) | 9 (17.0) | 21 (13.0) | 2.54 | .28 |
| Unemployed, n (%) | 19 (35.8) | 6 (10.9) | 3 (5.7) | 28 (17.4) | 19.25 | <.001 |
Note: FES: first-episode schizophrenia, CHR: clinical high-risk individuals, HC: healthy controls, IQ: intelligence quotient, TCM: traditional Chinese medicine, SIPS: Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes, PANSS: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, F: 1-way ANOVA, t: 2 independent sample t-test, χ2: chi-square test. The bold values represent statistical significance.
aThe subjects in this study were all taking atypical antipsychotics.