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Risk factors for development of HCC.
| Host Factors |
|---|
| Older age |
| Male sex |
| Genetics/ethnicity |
| Diabetes/obesity |
| Environmental Factors |
| Smoking |
| Aflatoxin |
| Aristolochic acid |
| Viral Factors |
| HBV integration site into host DNA (TERT, MLL4, and CCNE1) |
| Virally translated proteins (HBsAg, HBx, HBeAg, and HBcAg) |
| HBV Genotype C |
