Table 1.
Main characteristics of lakes sampled in the present study
| Lake | Region | Origin | Surface area (km2) | Surface elevation (m) | Maximum depth (m) | Water retention time (y) | Mixing regime | Trophic state | Sampling date | Sampling depth (m) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mashu (MA) | Japan (Hokkaido) | Caldera | 19.2 | 351 | 211 | 200 | Dimictic | Oligotrophic | 2015 August 26–29 | 1.5, 200 |
| Kusharo (KU) | Japan (Hokkaido) | Caldera | 79.6 | 121 | 118 | 12 | Dimictic | Oligotrophic | 2015 August 25 | 1.5, 50 |
| Toya (TO) | Japan (Hokkaido) | Caldera | 70.7 | 84 | 180 | 9 | Dimictic | Mesotrophic | 2015 September 24 | 5, 150 |
| Inawashiro (IN) | Japan (Honshu) | Tectonic | 103.3 | 514 | 94 | 5.4 | Monomictic | Oligotrophic | 2015 October 30 | 5, 80 |
| Chuzenji (CH) | Japan (Honshu) | Dammed | 11.8 | 1,269 | 163 | 5.9 | Dimictic | Oligotrophic | 2015 October 21 | 5, 120 |
| Sai (SA) | Japan (Honshu) | Dammed | 2.1 | 900 | 72 | 1.6 | Monomictic | Oligotrophic | 2015 September 8 | 10, 50 |
| Motosu (MO) | Japan (Honshu) | Dammed | 4.7 | 900 | 122 | 6.5 | Monomictic | Oligotrophic | 2015 September 7 | 10, 100 |
| Biwa (BI) | Japan (Honshu) | Tectonic | 670.3 | 85 | 104 | 5.5 | Monomictic | Mesotrophic | 2015 December 9, (2010 Oct. 19)† | 2, 60 (5, 50)† |
| Ikeda (IK) | Japan (Kyushu) | Caldera | 10.9 | 66 | 233 | 33.5 | Holo-oligomictic | Mesotrophic | 2015 September 17 | 5, 70 |
| Zurich (ZU) | Europe (Switzerland) | Glacial | 88.0 | 406 | 136 | 1.4 | Holo-oligomictic | Mesotrophic | 2017 October 25 | 5, 60 |
| Maggiore (MG) | Europe (Italy/Switzerland) | Glacial | 213.0 | 193 | 370 | 4.1 | Holo-oligomictic | Oligo-mesotrophic | 2017 October 16 | 5, 100 |
Detailed data are available in Table S1
†Sampling date and depths in 2010 are shown in parentheses