Table 1.
Biological Activities of the Known Secondary Metabolites of Ferula drudeana.
| Secondary Metabolite | Biological Activities |
|---|---|
| Spathulenol (1) | Immunomodulator [32], anti-nociceptive [64], antimicrobial [65], alleviates cardiac fibrosis [66], antioxidant [33], antiproliferative, antimycobacterial [33], anti-inflammatory [33,67], antitumor [67]. |
| Preisocalamendiol (3) | Positive GABAA receptor modulator [58]. |
| Shyobunone (4) | Positive GABAA receptor modulator [58], insect repellant and insecticide [68]. |
| Isoshyobunone (5) | Positive GABAA receptor modulator [58], insect repellant and insecticide [68]. |
| Acorusnol (8) | Anti-inflammatory [41], germination inhibitor [40]. |
| Teucladiol (11) | Cytotoxic against MCF-7 (estrogen-responsive mammalian adenocarcinoma) [43,69], MDA-MB-435 (estrogen non-responsive mammalian cancer) [43], HCT116 (colon cancer) [69] cell lines. |
| Chrysothol (12) | Cytotoxic against MCF-7 (estrogen-responsive mammalian adenocarcinoma), MDA-MB-435 (estrogen non-responsive mammalian cancer) cell lines [43]. |
| Umbelliferone (14) | Anti-inflammatory [70,71], alleviates liver fibrosis [71], bone loss prevention [72], partial restoration of erectile dysfunction [73], antioxidant [74], urease inhibitor [75], anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, anti-cancer, molluscicidal [76]. |
| Scopoletin (15) | Inhibitor of VEGF-induced angiogenesis [77], hepatoprotective [78], prevention of FGF-2-induced angiogenesis [79], antitermite [80], antimicrobial against multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa [81], acaricidal [82], antidopaminergic and antiadrenergic [83], inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase [84], inhibitor of human tumor vascularization [85], antipsychotic [86], ameliorates steatosis and inflammation in diabetic mice [87], antibacterial against multi-drug resistant clinical isolate pathogen strains [88]. |
| Umbelliprenin (16) | Antigenotoxic [89], antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, lipoxygenase inhibitor [90], matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor [91], antitumor [92], cytotoxic activity against CH1 (ovarian), A549 (lung), SK-MEL-28 (melanoma) [93], M4Beu (metastatic pigmented malignant melanoma), QU-DB (large cell lung) [94], and UO31 (renal) [48] cancer cell lines, modulator of melanogenesis [95], antihypertension [96], cancer chemoprevention [97], antiangiogenic [98], antimetastatic and immunostimulatory [99]. |
| Conferone (17) | Urease inhibitor [75], cytotoxic activity against CH1 (ovarian), A549 (lung) and SK-MEL-28 (melanoma) cancer cell lines [93], cancer chemoprevention [97], antiangiogenic [98]. |
| Feselol (18) | Cancer chemoprevention [97], potential aphrodisiac [63]. |
| Conferol (19) | Urease inhibitor [75], modulators of multi-drug resistance in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus [100], antileishmanial [101], antiviral against Influenza A (H1N1) virus [102], cytotoxic against HepG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma), Hep3B (hepatocellular carcinoma) and MCF-7 (estrogen-responsive mammalian adenocarcinoma) cancer cell lines [102]. |
| Badrakemone (20) | Cytotoxic against UO31 (renal) cancer cell line [48], cancer chemoprevention [97], weak matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor [91]. |
| Colladonin (21) | Cytotoxic against COLO205 (colon), KM12 (colon), A498 (kidney carcinoma), UO31 (renal), TC32 (Ewing’s sarcoma) [48], HCT116 (human colorectal), HT-29 (human colorectal) [103] cancer cell lines, endocannabinoid system modulator [104]. |
| Badrakemin (22) | Cytotoxic against KM12 (colon), A498 (kidney carcinoma), UO31 (renal) cancer cell lines [48], inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase [105]. |
| Samarcandin (23) | Potential aphrodisiac [63], antifungal [54], cytotoxic against AGS (human gastric carcinoma), WEHI-164 (fibrosarcoma) cancer cell lines [106], active in NCI yeast anticancer drug screen assays [107], potential antiviral activity against Ebola virus [108,109]. |
| Samarcandin Acetate (26) | Potential aphrodisiac [63]. |
| Myristicin (27) | Cancer chemopreventive agent [51], anti-inflammatory [52], antimicrobial against B. subtilis, E. coli, S. aureus [110], hepatoprotective [111], cytoprotective against hypoxia-induced apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress [112], down-regulates expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines [113], cytotoxic against SK-N-SH (human neuroblastoma) cancer cell line [114], acetylcholinesterase inhibitor [115], antiproliferative [116], insecticidal against Culex pipiens and Aedes aegypti [117]. |
| Laserine (28) | Weak cytotoxicity against HL-60 (acute promyelocytic leukemia) cancer cell line [118], inhibitor of skin photo-aging [119]. |
| Cynaroside (29) (Luteolin-7-β-d-glucoside) |
Choleretic and anticholestatic [120], antioxidant and anticholinesterase [121], antibacterial against multi-drug resistant clinical isolate strains [88], anti-inflammatory [122], inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B [123], inhibitor of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation [124], antimicrobial [125], hepatoprotective [126]. |
| Cynarin (30) | Antimicrobial [125], hepatoprotective [126], antihypertensive, vasodilator [127], choleretic [128]. |
| Chlorogenic Acid (31) | Antimicrobial [125], hepatoprotective [126], antihypertensive, vasodilator [127], antitumor [129], anti-inflammatory [130], improves late diabetes [131], protects against cholestatic liver injury [132], neuroprotective [133], antiviral activity against influenza A (H1N1/H3N2) virus [134], anti-diabetic and anti-lipidemic [135], inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma [136], anxiolytic and antioxidant [137], antihyperalgesic [138], cardioprotective [139], neuroprotective and cognitive improvement [140], improves hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance [141], alleviates obesity and modulates gut microbiota [142], ameliorates ulcerative colitis [143], inhibits glioblastoma growth [144], induces 4T1 breast cancer tumor’s apoptosis [145], strong matrix metalloproteinase-9 inhibitor [146]. |