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. 2021 Jan 6;11(1):31. doi: 10.3390/jpm11010031

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(a) Photomicrographs of (a) control, (b) benign breast conditions (BBC), and (c) breast cancer (BC). (d) Evaluation of protein expression in the three different groups. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α), insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) showed a significant increase in the BC group compared to the group with BBC and the control group. Contrastingly, Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) showed a significant decrease in the BC group compared to the group with BBC and the control group. Significant value in Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn’s post test (±S.E.M - Standard Error of the Mean; *** p < 0.001 vs. the control group; *** p < 0.001 vs. the BBC group). Magnification of 40×. Bar: 20 μm.