Table 1.

Characteristics of the study subjects by sex ¹.

	Total (n = 16,792)		Men (n = 6891)		Women (n = 9901)
	n	%	n	%	n	%	p-value 2
Age
20–29 years	2644	23.1	1170	24.5	1474	21.6	<0.001
30–49 years	7882	48.4	3001	47.8	4881	48.9
50–64 years	4254	21.8	1678	20.6	2576	23.0
≥65 years	2012	6.8	1042	7.1	970	6.5
Living area
Urban	14,020	86.9	5664	86.1	8356	87.6	0.005
Rural	2772	13.1	1227	13.9	1545	12.4
Education
Elementary school or less	1987	7.6	708	6.0	1279	9.2	<0.001
Middle school	1353	6.6	554	6.1	799	7.2
High school	5989	38.4	2481	39.6	3508	37.3
College or more	7463	47.3	3148	48.4	4315	46.2
Household income
Lowest	1981	9.8	817	9.3	1164	10.2	0.098
Medium-low	4041	23.5	1655	23.1	2386	23.9
Medium-high	5161	31.9	2145	32.6	3016	31.2
Highest	5609	34.9	2274	35.0	3335	34.8
Current smoking
Yes	3077	22.5	2575	39.1	502	5.7	<0.001
No	13,715	77.5	4316	60.9	9399	94.3
Current alcohol drinking
Yes	9694	62.3	4967	73.7	4727	50.8	<0.001
No	7098	37.7	1924	26.3	5174	49.2
Physical activity
Yes	6565	40.8	2776	41.8	3789	39.7	0.024
No	10,227	59.2	4115	58.2	6112	60.3
	Mean	SE	Mean	SE	Mean	SE	p-value
Energy and nutrient intakes
Total energy intake (kcal)	2092	8.6	2411	12.8	1770	8.1	<0.001
% of energy from carbohydrate	63.2	0.1	62.4	0.2	63.9	0.1	<0.001
% of energy from fat	21.7	0.1	22.0	0.1	21.4	0.1	<0.001
% of energy from protein	15.1	0.1	15.6	0.1	14.7	0.1	<0.001
Total fiber (g)	24.3	0.1	26.0	0.2	22.6	0.2	<0.001
Carbohydrate: Total fiber	14.8	0.1	15.4	0.1	14.2	0.1	<0.001
Cereal fiber (g)	5.3	0.04	5.8	0.1	4.9	0.1	<0.001
Vegetable fiber (g)	7.8	0.1	8.7	0.1	6.8	0.1	<0.001
Fruit fiber (g)	3.4	0.1	2.9	0.1	3.8	0.1	<0.001

SE, standard error. ¹ All of the analyses accounted for the effects of the complex sampling design and appropriate sampling weights of the national survey using the PROC SURVEY procedures in the SAS software. ² p-values were calculated by the Rao–Scott chi-square test for categorical variables and by a t-test for continuous variables to test the differences in the variables by sex.