Table 4.
Associations of dietary fiber and its source with cardiovascular risk factors among Korean women 1,2.
| Quintile (Quartile) of Dietary Fiber and Its Source | p Trend | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | ||
| OR | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||
| Total fiber | ||||||
| Obesity 3 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.04 (0.87,1.24) | 0.98 (0.81,1.18) | 1.10 (0.90,1.34) | 1.05 (0.83,1.33) | 0.596 |
| Abdominal obesity 3 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.97 (0.79,1.20) | 1.07 (0.87,1.31) | 0.93 (0.74,1.17) | 0.90 (0.70,1.17) | 0.351 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.20 (0.91,1.57) | 1.31 (1.01,1.70) | 0.86 (0.63,1.16) | 1.05 (0.76,1.46) | 0.497 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.98 (0.74,1.28) | 1.20 (0.91,1.59) | 0.98 (0.74,1.30) | 1.17 (0.84,1.62) | 0.412 |
| Hypertension | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.04 (0.77,1.42) | 1.21 (0.91,1.62) | 0.90 (0.65,1.25) | 0.96 (0.67,1.38) | 0.506 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.68 (0.37,1.25) | 0.82 (0.45,1.51) | 0.79 (0.39,1.59) | 0.92 (0.48,1.76) | 0.918 |
| Carbohydrate: Total fiber | ||||||
| Obesity 3 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.90 (0.75,1.07) | 0.93 (0.78,1.11) | 0.95 (0.80,1.13) | 0.91 (0.76,1.10) | 0.541 |
| Abdominal obesity 3 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.89 (0.73,1.09) | 0.98 (0.80,1.19) | 1.04 (0.85,1.27) | 1.01 (0.83,1.24) | 0.490 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.95 (0.73,1.24) | 1.18 (0.91,1.53) | 1.13 (0.88,1.45) | 1.24 (0.94,1.63) | 0.066 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.92 (0.73,1.17) | 0.97 (0.75,1.25) | 0.88 (0.68,1.14) | 0.88 (0.67,1.15) | 0.333 |
| Hypertension | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.14 (0.86,1.51) | 1.35 (1.04,1.76) | 1.26 (0.94,1.71) | 1.07 (0.78,1.45) | 0.678 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.05 (0.59,1.88) | 0.63 (0.35,1.13) | 1.00 (0.56,1.77) | 0.84 (0.45,1.57) | 0.581 |
| Cereal fiber | ||||||
| Obesity 3 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.98 (0.82,1.17) | 0.92 (0.78,1.10) | 0.96 (0.80,1.14) | 1.05 (0.87,1.28) | 0.476 |
| Abdominal obesity 3 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.94 (0.77,1.14) | 0.86 (0.70,1.05) | 0.99 (0.81,1.22) | 1.06 (0.84,1.32) | 0.311 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.14 (0.88,1.49) | 1.19 (0.92,1.53) | 1.13 (0.86,1.49) | 1.08 (0.81,1.42) | 0.923 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.92 (0.71,1.19) | 0.84 (0.64,1.09) | 1.00 (0.78,1.28) | 0.85 (0.64,1.11) | 0.419 |
| Hypertension | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.07 (0.79,1.44) | 1.33 (0.98,1.80) | 1.28 (0.95,1.72) | 1.24 (0.91,1.69) | 0.174 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.71 (0.41,1.21) | 0.67 (0.34,1.30) | 0.65 (0.37,1.14) | 0.62 (0.34,1.11) | 0.188 |
| Vegetable fiber | ||||||
| Obesity 3 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.01 (0.85,1.21) | 1.01 (0.84,1.21) | 0.96 (0.80,1.15) | 1.18 (0.98,1.44) | 0.092 |
| Abdominal obesity 3 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.08 (0.88,1.31) | 0.98 (0.80,1.20) | 0.94 (0.76,1.17) | 1.03 (0.83,1.28) | 0.934 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.03 (0.78,1.37) | 1.05 (0.80,1.38) | 1.10 (0.84,1.45) | 1.05 (0.79,1.39) | 0.728 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.82 (0.62,1.08) | 0.85 (0.65,1.12) | 1.05 (0.80,1.37) | 0.85 (0.64,1.14) | 0.731 |
| Hypertension | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.08 (0.79,1.47) | 1.31 (0.96,1.77) | 1.22 (0.90,1.64) | 1.13 (0.83,1.53) | 0.555 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.69 (0.35,1.37) | 0.61 (0.32,1.14) | 1.15 (0.64,2.05) | 1.48 (0.84,2.59) | 0.017 |
| Fruit fiber | ||||||
| Obesity 3 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.99 (0.85,1.15) | 0.80 (0.69,0.93) | 0.85 (0.73,1.00) | 0.029 | |
| Abdominal obesity 3 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.97 (0.82,1.16) | 0.82 (0.69,0.98) | 0.82 (0.67,0.99) | 0.026 | |
| Metabolic syndrome | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.95 (0.76,1.18) | 1.09 (0.87,1.36) | 0.88 (0.69,1.13) | 0.321 | |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.06 (0.83,1.35) | 1.17 (0.93,1.47) | 1.18 (0.93,1.49) | 0.210 | |
| Hypertension | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.71 (0.55,0.93) | 0.92 (0.72,1.18) | 0.70 (0.54,0.90) | 0.052 | |
| Type 2 diabetes | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.78 (0.47,1.30) | 0.93 (0.56,1.54) | 0.51 (0.28,0.91) | 0.030 | |
1 All of the analyses accounted for the effects of the complex sampling design and appropriate sampling weights of the national survey using the PROC SURVEY procedures in the SAS software. 2 Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and p trend values for cardiovascular risk factors by quintile (or quartile) of each dietary measure, taking the lowest quintile (quartile) group as the reference (Ref) group. To calculate the p trend values across quintiles (or quartiles) of dietary measures, the median intake of a dietary measure in each quintile (or quartile) was entered as a continuous variable in the logistic regression model. Age (continuous), living area (urban or rural), education (elementary school, middle school, high school, or college or more), household income (lowest, medium-low, medium-high, or highest), current smoking (yes or no), current alcohol drinking (yes or no), physical activity (yes or no), BMI (continuous), and total energy intake (continuous) were controlled for in all of the models. 3 Adjusted for age, living area, education, household income, current smoking, current alcohol drinking, physical activity, and total energy intake.