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. 2021 Jan 6;10(1):84. doi: 10.3390/cells10010084

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The mRNA expression of SMAD2 and SMAD4 in the whole lung lysate analyzed by qPCR: (A) the mRNA expression of SMAD2/3 in human PAH patients and animal PAH models; (B) the mRNA expression of SMAD4. n(iPAH) = 6, n(hPAH) = 6, n(MCT) = 6, n(SuHx) = 6. iPAH: idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, hPAH: hereditary pulmonary arterial hypertension, Ctrl: control, MCT: monocrotaline rats, SuHx: sugen–hypoxia rats. The control group of iPAH and hPAH: donors without PAH. The control group of MCT: healthy Wistar rats. The control group of SuHx: healthy Sprague Dawley rats.