Table 1.

List of antiperonosporic single/oligo-site active ingredients divided by chemical group, mechanism of action, and resistance reference. “CAA”, Carboxylic Acid Amide; “QoI”, Quinone outside Inhibitor; “QiI”, Quinone inside Inhibitor; “QioI”, Quinone inside-outside Inhibitor; “OSBPI”, Oxysterol-Binding Protein; ”-“not reported.

Group Name	Common Name	Chemical Group	Mode of Action	First Confirmed Resistance Reference
				Report	Remarks
Cyanoacetamide-oxime	Cymoxanil	Cyanoacetamide-oxime	Unknown	Gullino et al., 1997	Reduced field performance
Phenylamides	Metalaxyl, Metalaxyl-M, Benalaxyl, Benalaxyl-M	Acylalanines	Inhibition of ribosomal RNA synthesis	Staub and Sozzi 1981; Bosshard and Schuepp 1983; Leroux and Clerjeau 1985	Reduced field performance
CAA	Dimethomorph	Cinnamic acid amides	Inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis	Gisi et al., 2007	Inheritance of resistance
	Iprovalicarb	Carbamate Vanilamides
	Bentiavalicarb			Blum et al., 2010	Resistance mechanism
	Valifenalate
	Mandipropamid	Mandelic acid amides
QoI	Pyraclostrobin	Strobilurins	Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, Complex III (Site Qo)	Heaney et al., 2000; Gullino et al., 2004	Reduced field performance
	Famoxadone	Oxazolidinone
	Fenamidone	Imidazolones		Sierotzki et al., 2005	Review
QiI	Cyazofamid	Cyanoimidazole	Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, Complex III (Site Qi)	Cherrad et al., 2018; Fontaine et al., 2019	Resistance mechanism
	Amisulbrom	Sulfonamide
QioI	Ametoctradin	Triazolopyrimidine	Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, Complex III (Sites Qi and Qo)	Mounkoro et al., 2018, Fontaine et al., 2019	Resistance mechanism
Benzamides	Zoxamide	Toluamides	Inhibition of cellular division	-	-
	Fluopicolide	Pyridinylmethylbenzamides	Delocalizes spectrin-like proteins	Note commune vigne 2020	Unknown mechanism
OSBPI	Oxathiapiprolin	Piperidinyl thianzole isoxazoline	Inhibition of oxysterol binding protein	-	-