Table 1.
Comparability of the groups according to in-hospital AF status
|
Variable |
Before matching |
After matching |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AF (n = 1687) | No AF (n = 7877) | SMD | AF (n = 1238) | No AF (n = 1238) | SMD | |
| Age (y) | 74.6 ± 12.9 | 62.6 ± 16.2 | 0.816∗ | 73.1 ± 13.5 | 73.6 ± 13.3 | −0.034 |
| Sex: male | 1054 (62.5) | 4578 (58.1) | 0.089 | 777 (62.8) | 774 (62.5) | 0.005 |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Current | 123 (7.3) | 411 (5.2) | 0.086 | 90 (7.3) | 89 (7.2) | 0.003 |
| Former | 298 (17.7) | 1062 (13.5) | 0.116∗ | 208 (16.8) | 217 (17.5) | −0.019 |
| Never | 1059 (62.8) | 5928 (75.3) | −0.272∗ | 783 (63.3) | 777 (62.8) | 0.010 |
| Unknown | 207 (12.3) | 476 (6.0) | 0.217∗ | 157 (12.7) | 155 (12.5) | 0.005 |
| Race | ||||||
| Asian | 133 (7.9) | 676 (8.6) | −0.025 | 102 (8.2) | 117 (9.5) | −0.043 |
| Black | 299 (17.7) | 1766 (22.4) | −0.117∗ | 229 (18.5) | 227 (18.3) | 0.004 |
| White | 851 (50.4) | 2745 (34.9) | 0.319∗ | 585 (47.3) | 602 (48.6) | −0.027 |
| Other/multiracial | 355 (21.0) | 2321 (29.5) | −0.195∗ | 284 (22.9) | 247 (20.0) | 0.073 |
| Unknown | 49 (2.9) | 369 (4.7) | −0.093 | 38 (3.1) | 45 (3.6) | −0.031 |
| BMI | ||||||
| <18.5 kg/m2 | 41 (2.4) | 123 (1.6) | 0.062 | 29 (2.3) | 38 (3.1) | −0.045 |
| 18.5 to <25 kg/m2 | 371 (22.0) | 1370 (17.4) | 0.116∗ | 250 (20.2) | 266 (21.5) | −0.031 |
| 25 to <30 kg/m2 | 440 (26.1) | 2266 (28.8) | −0.060 | 333 (26.9) | 333 (26.9) | 0.000 |
| 30 to <40 kg/m2 | 364 (21.6) | 1981 (25.2) | −0.085 | 276 (22.3) | 260 (21.0) | 0.031 |
| ≥40 kg/m2 | 86 (5.1) | 479 (6.1) | −0.043 | 65 (5.3) | 65 (5.3) | 0.000 |
| Unknown | 385 (22.8) | 1658 (21.1) | 0.043 | 285 (23.0) | 276 (22.3) | 0.017 |
| Medical history | ||||||
| Chronic liver disease | 35 (2.1) | 210 (2.7) | −0.039 | 26 (2.1) | 23 (1.9) | 0.016 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 578 (34.3) | 109 (1.4) | 0.951∗ | 131 (10.6) | 109 (8.8) | 0.051 |
| Hypertension | 1318 (78.1) | 4691 (59.6) | 0.409∗ | 925 (74.7) | 940 (75.9) | −0.027 |
| Coronary artery disease | 853 (50.6) | 2543 (32.3) | 0.378∗ | 584 (47.2) | 593 (47.9) | −0.015 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 97 (5.8) | 203 (2.6) | 0.159∗ | 61 (4.9) | 62 (5.0) | −0.004 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 229 (13.6) | 455 (5.8) | 0.266∗ | 149 (12.0) | 135 (10.9) | 0.039 |
| Asthma | 151 (9.0) | 742 (9.4) | −0.016 | 102 (8.2) | 98 (7.9) | 0.011 |
| End-stage renal disease | 165 (9.8) | 415 (5.3) | 0.172∗ | 101 (8.2) | 107 (8.6) | −0.018 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 254 (15.1) | 541 (6.9) | 0.264∗ | 151 (12.2) | 152 (12.3) | −0.003 |
| Diabetes | 771 (45.7) | 3009 (38.2) | 0.152∗ | 547 (44.2) | 548 (44.3) | −0.002 |
| Congestive heart failure | 451 (26.7) | 575 (7.3) | 0.535∗ | 244 (19.7) | 237 (19.1) | 0.016 |
| Cancer | 306 (18.1) | 825 (10.5) | 0.220∗ | 208 (16.8) | 210 (17.0) | −0.005 |
| Lactate | ||||||
| Normal, within range | 115 (6.8) | 637 (8.1) | −0.048 | 78 (6.3) | 79 (6.4) | −0.003 |
| Abnormal/high | 1064 (63.1) | 4858 (61.7) | 0.029 | 813 (65.7) | 807 (65.2) | 0.010 |
| Missing | 508 (30.1) | 2382 (30.2) | −0.003 | 347 (28.0) | 352 (28.4) | −0.009 |
| Magnesium | ||||||
| Abnormal/low | 60 (3.6) | 175 (2.2) | 0.080 | 43 (3.5) | 40 (3.2) | 0.013 |
| Normal, within range | 1201 (71.2) | 5202 (66.0) | 0.111∗ | 873 (70.5) | 880 (71.1) | −0.012 |
| Abnormal/high | 162 (9.6) | 621 (7.9) | 0.061 | 128 (10.3) | 124 (10.0) | 0.011 |
| Missing | 264 (15.7) | 1879 (23.9) | −0.21∗ | 194 (15.7) | 194 (15.7) | 0.000 |
| Procalcitonin | ||||||
| Normal, within range | 260 (15.4) | 1592 (20.2) | −0.126∗ | 196 (15.8) | 205 (16.6) | −0.020 |
| Abnormal/high | 1095 (64.9) | 4443 (56.4) | 0.175∗ | 810 (65.4) | 785 (63.4) | 0.042 |
| Missing | 332 (19.7) | 1842 (23.4) | −0.090 | 232 (18.7) | 248 (20.0) | −0.032 |
| D-dimer | ||||||
| Normal, within range | 184 (10.9) | 918 (11.7) | −0.024 | 118 (9.5) | 106 (8.6) | 0.034 |
| Abnormal/high | 1004 (59.5) | 4321 (54.9) | 0.094 | 769 (62.1) | 782 (63.2) | −0.022 |
| Missing | 499 (29.6) | 2638 (33.5) | −0.084 | 351 (28.4) | 350 (28.3) | −0.009 |
| Ferritin | ||||||
| Normal, within range | 320 (19.0) | 1540 (19.6) | −0.015 | 225 (18.2) | 201 (16.2) | 0.051 |
| Abnormal/high | 1072 (63.5) | 4819 (61.2) | 0.049 | 818 (66.1) | 838 (67.7) | −0.034 |
| Missing | 295 (17.5) | 1518 (19.3) | −0.046 | 195 (15.8) | 199 (16.1) | −0.009 |
| CRP | ||||||
| Normal, within range | 22 (1.3) | 119 (1.5) | −0.018 | 18 (1.5) | 13 (1.1) | 0.036 |
| Abnormal/high | 1291 (76.5) | 5961 (75.7) | 0.020 | 957 (77.3) | 973 (78.6) | −0.031 |
| Missing | 374 (22.2) | 1797 (22.8) | −0.015 | 263 (21.2) | 252 (20.4) | 0.022 |
| Creatinine | ||||||
| Normal, within range | 835 (49.5) | 5527 (70.2) | −0.431∗ | 646 (52.2) | 604 (48.8) | 0.068 |
| Abnormal/high | 852 (50.5) | 2350 (29.8) | 0.431∗ | 592 (47.8) | 634 (51.2) | −0.068 |
| BUN | ||||||
| Normal, within range | 719 (42.6) | 5433 (69.0) | −0.55∗ | 561 (45.3) | 530 (42.8) | 0.050 |
| Abnormal/high | 968 (57.4) | 2444 (31.0) | 0.55∗ | 677 (54.7) | 708 (57.2) | −0.050 |
| Lymphocyte count | ||||||
| Abnormal/low | 1107 (65.6) | 4556 (57.8) | 0.161∗ | 814 (65.8) | 802 (64.8) | 0.020 |
| Normal, within range | 554 (32.8) | 3226 (41.0) | −0.169∗ | 405 (32.7) | 413 (33.4) | −0.014 |
| Abnormal/high | 26 (1.5) | 95 (1.2) | 0.029 | 19 (1.5) | 23 (1.9) | −0.025 |
| AST | ||||||
| Abnormal/low | 4 (0.2) | 25 (0.3) | −0.015 | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 0.000 |
| Normal, within range | 665 (39.4) | 3241 (41.2) | −0.035 | 466 (37.6) | 492 (39.7) | −0.014 |
| Abnormal/high | 1018 (60.3) | 4611 (58.5) | 0.037 | 771 (62.3) | 745 (60.2) | 0.043 |
| ALT | ||||||
| Abnormal/low | 75 (4.5) | 210 (2.7) | 0.096 | 42 (3.4) | 42 (3.4) | 0.000 |
| Normal, within range | 1187 (70.4) | 4888 (62.1) | 0.176∗ | 860 (69.5) | 865 (69.9) | −0.009 |
| Abnormal/high | 425 (25.2) | 2779 (35.3) | −0.221∗ | 336 (27.1) | 331 (26.7) | 0.009 |
| ALK Phos | ||||||
| Abnormal/low | 50 (3.0) | 237 (3.0) | −0.003 | 33 (2.7) | 35 (2.8) | −0.010 |
| Normal, within range | 1371 (81.3) | 6482 (82.3) | −0.027 | 1017 (82.2) | 1019 (82.3) | −0.004 |
| Abnormal/high | 266 (15.8) | 1158 (14.7) | 0.030 | 188 (15.2) | 184 (14.9) | 0.009 |
| Serum glucose | ||||||
| Abnormal/low | 19 (1.1) | 80 (1.0) | 0.011 | 14 (1.1) | 9 (0.7) | 0.042 |
| Normal, within range | 225 (13.3) | 1076 (13.7) | −0.001 | 137 (11.1) | 150 (12.1) | −0.033 |
| Abnormal/high | 1443 (85.5) | 6721 (85.3) | 0.001 | 1087 (87.8) | 1079 (87.2) | 0.020 |
| Potassium | ||||||
| Abnormal/low | 172 (10.2) | 949 (12.1) | −0.059 | 131 (10.6) | 121 (9.8) | 0.027 |
| Normal, within range | 1361 (80.7) | 6465 (82.1) | −0.036 | 989 (79.9) | 1009 (81.5) | −0.041 |
| Abnormal/high | 154 (9.1) | 463 (5.9) | 0.124∗ | 118 (9.5) | 108 (8.7) | 0.028 |
| Sodium | ||||||
| Abnormal/low | 571 (33.9) | 2848 (36.2) | −0.048 | 430 (34.7) | 424 (34.3) | 0.010 |
| Normal, within range | 965 (57.2) | 4651 (59.1) | −0.037 | 706 (57.0) | 706 (57.0) | 0.000 |
| Abnormal/high | 151 (9.0) | 378 (4.8) | 0.165∗ | 102 (8.2) | 108 (8.7) | −0.017 |
| WBC | ||||||
| Abnormal/low | 119 (7.1) | 476 (6.0) | 0.041 | 86 (7.0) | 81 (6.5) | 0.016 |
| Normal, within range | 1160 (68.8) | 5682 (72.1) | −0.074 | 849 (68.6) | 871 (70.4) | −0.039 |
| Abnormal/high | 408 (24.2) | 1719 (21.8) | 0.056 | 303 (24.5) | 286 (23.1) | 0.032 |
AF = atrial fibrillation; ALK Phos = alkaline phosphatase; ALT = alanine transaminase; AST = asparate aminotransferase; BMI = body mass index; BUN = blood urea nitrogen; CRP = C-reactive protein; SMD = standardized mean difference; WBC = white blood count.
∗
Absolute SMD values ≥ 0.1 indicate the presence of an imbalance between groups.