Table 3.
Associations of participant characteristics with change in physical activity during COVID-19 (N=653)a.
| Physical Activity Change |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD or n(%) |
p-valueb | Adjusted ORc |
||||
| Participant Characteristics | Never Active | Stopped Being Active | Remained Active | Never Active vs. Remained Active | Stopped Being Active vs. Remained Active | |
| Age, years | 30.1 ± 3.3 | 29.8 ± 2.9 | 29.3 ± 3.2 | <0.001 | 1.20 (1.10, 1.32) | 1.16 (1.05, 1.27) |
| Race/ethnicity | <0.001 | |||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 26 (19.6) | 46 (30.9) | 234 (63.1) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 79 (59.4) | 68 (45.6) | 99 (26.7) | 1.12 (0.54, 2.36) | 0.91 (0.46, 1.81) | |
| Hispanic | 17 (12.8) | 26 (17.5) | 16 (14.3) | 2.71 (0.95, 7.73) | 2.93 (1.08, 7.91) | |
| Non-Hispanic Others | 11 (8.3) | 9 (6.0) | 22 (5.9) | 0.75 (0.23, 2.50) | 0.50 (0.16, 1.56) | |
| Education attainment | <0.001 | |||||
| Less than bachelor degree | 68 (51.1) | 38 (25.5) | 75 (20.2) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |
| Bachelor or graduate degree | 65 (48.9) | 111 (74.5) | 296 (79.8) | 0.58 (0.31, 1.06) | 1.50 (0.81, 2.80) | |
| Annual family income | <0.001 | |||||
| <$50,000 | 57 (42.9) | 40 (26.9) | 251 (67.7) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |
| $50,000-$80,000 | 48 (36.1) | 28 (18.8) | 54 (14.6) | 1.76 (0.89, 3.50) | 2.13(0.99, 4.59) | |
| >$80,000 | 28 (21.1) | 81 (54.4) | 66 | 0.88 (0.40, 1.92) | 5.62 (2.68, 11.80) | |
| Employment status | <0.001 | |||||
| Full time employed | 55 (41.4) | 95 (63.8) | 286 (77.1) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |
| Part-time employed | 44 (33.1) | 30 (20.1) | 34 (9.2) | 0.46 (0.20, 1.06) | 0.40 (0.17, 0.92) | |
| Out of work/homemaker | 34 (25.6) | 24 (16.1) | 51 (13.8) | 0.48 (0.20, 1.14) | 0.40 (0.16, 0.99) | |
| Urban or rural residencec | 0.098 | |||||
| Urban | 109 (82.0) | 130 (87.3) | 331 (89.2) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |
| Rural | 24 (18.1) | 19 (12.8) | 40 (10.8) | 0.77 (0.33, 1.79) | 0.71 (0.30, 1.68) | |
| Parity | <0.001 | |||||
| Nulliparous | 84 (63.2) | 109 (73.2) | 83 (22.4) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |
| Multiparous | 49 (36.8) | 40 (26.9) | 288 (77.6) | 0.10 (0.05, 0.19) | 0.07 (0.04, 0.14) | |
| Trimester | <0.001 | |||||
| 1st Trimester | 27 (20.3) | 14 (9.4) | 195 (52.6) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |
| 2nd Trimester | 51 (38.4) | 76 (51.0) | 125 (33.7) | 1.43 (0.72, 2.83) | 4.79 (2.27, 10.14) | |
| 3rd Trimester | 20 (15.0) | 29 (19.5) | 43 (11.6) | 0.53 (0.22, 1.30) | 3.35 (1.35, 8.33) | |
| Don't know | 35 (26.3) | 30 (20.1) | 8 (2.2) | 10.78 (3.48, 33.40) | 35.88 (10.38, 124.01) | |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI | 0.627 | |||||
| Underweight | 12 (9.0) | 12 (8.1) | 23 (6.2) | 1.09 (0.45, 2.64) | 0.80 (0.34, 1.92) | |
| Normal weight | 89 (65.4) | 123 (82.6) | 328 (88.4) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |
| Overweight/Obese | 34 (25.6) | 14 (9.4) | 20 (5.4) | 4.54 (1.91, 10.82) | 0.45 (0.17, 1.22) | |
| Any pregnancy complicationsd | 49 (36.8) | 33 (22.2) | 30 (8.1) | <0.001 | 6.77 (3.23, 14.20) | 5.77 (2.73, 12.17) |
| COVID-19 measures | ||||||
| Lost source of income | 73 (54.9) | 49 (32.9) | 49 (13.2) | <0.001 | 3.27 (1.52, 7.00) | 2.93 (1.33, 6.45) |
| Strictly social distancing | 91 (68.4) | 99 (66.4) | 215 (58.0) | 0.026 | 1.29 (0.69, 2.40) | 0.99 (0.54, 1.80) |
| Social connection scoree | -0.045 ± 0.882 | 0.052 ± 0.779 | -0.046 ± 0.555 | <0.001 | 1.13 (0.79, 1.62) | 1.56 (1.08, 2.25) |
a
N=14 women who were categorized as ‘became active’ were excluded from analyses due to the small sample size.
b
P-value testing for differences by diet change group using chi-square tests or one-way analysis of variance, as appropriate.
c
Models adjusted for all listed participant characteristics.
d
Pregnancy complications included high blood pressure, HELLP, gestational diabetes, anemia, placenta previa, depression/anxiety, or other diagnoses.
e
Higher social connection score indicates closer connections to family, friends, partner, and neighbors.