Table 1.
GUTS |
NHSII |
HRS |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Never | Less than once/week | At least once/week | Never | Less than once/week | At least once/week | Never | Less than once/week | At least once/week | |
Baseline characteristics | n = 3106 | n= 4272 | n = 1851 | n = 16 868 | n = 21 376 | n = 30 056 | n = 3194 | n = 3909 | n = 5446 |
Age, mean (SD), years | 23.0 (1.7) | 23.0 (1.7) | 22.9 (1.8) | 47.6 (4.5) | 46.6 (4.7) | 46.5 (4.7) | 69.3 (10.0) | 68.0 (9.3) | 70.3 (8.9) |
Female (%) | 1846 (59.4) | 2734 (64.0) | 1257 (67.9) | 16 868 (100.0) | 21 376 (100.0) | 30 056 (100.0) | 1647 (51.6) | 2257 (57.7) | 3489 (64.1) |
Race/ethnicity (%) | |||||||||
Non-Hispanic White | 2853 (92.1) | 4020 (94.3) | 1713 (92.9) | 16 094 (95.4) | 20 279 (94.9) | 28 716 (95.5) | 2725 (85.3) | 3013 (77.1) | 3997 (73.4) |
African-American | 21 (0.7) | 27 (0.6) | 17 (0.9) | 113 (0.7) | 299 (1.4) | 432 (1.4) | 200 (6.3) | 504 (12.9) | 888 (16.3) |
Hispanic | 65 (2.1) | 50 (1.2) | 27 (1.5) | 269 (1.6) | 406 (1.9) | 414 (1.4) | 193 (6.0) | 313 (8.0) | 457 (8.4) |
Other | 158 (5.1) | 164 (3.9) | 87 (4.7) | 392 (2.3) | 392 (1.8) | 493 (1.6) | 75 (2.4) | 79 (2.0) | 104 (1.9) |
Married (%) | 279 (11.0) | 296 (8.2) | 177 (11.1) | 11 519 (70.7) | 16 202 (79.0) | 24 618 (85.2) | 1847 (57.8) | 2444 (62.5) | 3633 (66.7) |
Geographic region (%) | |||||||||
West | 727 (23.4) | 544 (12.7) | 272 (14.7) | 4106 (24.4) | 3164 (14.8) | 3381 (11.3) | 816 (25.6) | 718 (18.4) | 828 (15.2) |
Midwest | 864 (27.9) | 1540 (36.1) | 731 (39.5) | 4487 (26.7) | 6772 (31.7) | 11 201 (37.3) | 723 (22.7) | 1063 (27.3) | 1522 (28.0) |
South | 445 (14.4) | 686 (16.1) | 365 (19.7) | 2786 (16.6) | 3802 (17.8) | 5928 (19.8) | 1127 (35.3) | 1495 (38.3) | 2351 (43.2) |
Northeast | 1065 (34.3) | 1500 (35.1) | 481 (26.0) | 5447 (32.4) | 7603 (35.6) | 9498 (31.7) | 523 (16.4) | 625 (16.0) | 736 (13.5) |
Household income (%)b | |||||||||
<$50 000 | 307 (11.8) | 415 (11.8) | 203 (14.0) | 2395 (16.6) | 2581 (14.6) | 4062 (17.0) | 1946 (60.9) | 2220 (56.8) | 3366 (61.8) |
$50 000–$74 999 | 564 (21.6) | 813 (23.0) | 388 (27.0) | 4029 (27.9) | 4643 (26.3) | 6813 (28.5) | 509 (15.9) | 613 (15.7) | 842 (15.5) |
$75 000–$99 999 | 555 (21.2) | 815 (23.1) | 325 (22.4) | 2892 (20.0) | 3780 (21.4) | 5258 (22.0) | 275 (8.6) | 358 (9.2) | 459 (8.4) |
≥$100 000 | 1187 (45.4) | 1487 (42.1) | 538 (37.0) | 5103 (35.4) | 6634 (37.6) | 7747 (32.4) | 464 (14.5) | 718 (18.4) | 779 (14.3) |
Depression (%) | 426 (13.8) | 478 (11.3) | 140 (7.6) | 2123 (13.0) | 2218 (10.8) | 2293 (8.0) | 537 (17.1) | 543 (14.1) | 578 (10.7) |
Overweight/obesity (%) | 790 (29.4) | 1152 (30.3) | 439 (26.5) | 7966 (49.3) | 10 036 (49.0) | 13 689 (47.5) | 2165 (68.8) | 2792 (72.2) | 3792 (70.4) |
Cigarette smoking (%) | 806 (30.0) | 887 (23.5) | 159 (9.6) | 2439 (14.5) | 2141 (10.0) | 1364 (4.5) | 653 (20.6) | 551 (14.2) | 329 (6.1) |
Heavy drinking (%)c | 877 (32.6) | 1165 (30.7) | 145 (8.7) | 482 (3.0) | 335 (1.7) | 245 (0.9) | 455 (17.4) | 506 (16.2) | 281 (6.2) |
This table shows participant characteristics that were assessed in all three cohorts by religious-service attendance. Full lists of other participant characteristics by service attendance in each cohort are provided in Supplementary Table 1A–C in the Appendix, available as Supplementary data at IJE online.
In GUTS, household income was reported by the mothers (i.e. the NHSII participants who had their children enrolled in GUTS) in an earlier questionnaire wave and was used to measure GUTS participants’ family socio-economic status in earlier life.
Heavy drinking was defined as at least 12 episodes of binge drinking over the past year in GUTS, as >5 drinks in a single day in NHSII and as ever having ≥4 drinks on a single occasion over the past 3 months in HRS.