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. 2020 Aug 13;49(6):2030–2040. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyaa120

Table 1.

Participant characteristics according to frequency of religious-service attendance at study baseline [the Growing Up Today Study (GUTS) 2007 questionnaire wave, N = 9229; the Nurses’ Health Study II (NHSII) 2001 supplementary survey, N = 68 300; the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) 2008 and 2010 questionnaire waves, N = 12 549]a

GUTS
NHSII
HRS
Never Less than once/week At least once/week Never Less than once/week At least once/week Never Less than once/week At least once/week
Baseline characteristics n = 3106 n= 4272 n = 1851 n = 16 868 n = 21 376 n = 30 056 n = 3194 n = 3909 n = 5446
Age, mean (SD), years 23.0 (1.7) 23.0 (1.7) 22.9 (1.8) 47.6 (4.5) 46.6 (4.7) 46.5 (4.7) 69.3 (10.0) 68.0 (9.3) 70.3 (8.9)
Female (%) 1846 (59.4) 2734 (64.0) 1257 (67.9) 16 868 (100.0) 21 376 (100.0) 30 056 (100.0) 1647 (51.6) 2257 (57.7) 3489 (64.1)
Race/ethnicity (%)
 Non-Hispanic White 2853 (92.1) 4020 (94.3) 1713 (92.9) 16 094 (95.4) 20 279 (94.9) 28 716 (95.5) 2725 (85.3) 3013 (77.1) 3997 (73.4)
 African-American 21 (0.7) 27 (0.6) 17 (0.9) 113 (0.7) 299 (1.4) 432 (1.4) 200 (6.3) 504 (12.9) 888 (16.3)
 Hispanic 65 (2.1) 50 (1.2) 27 (1.5) 269 (1.6) 406 (1.9) 414 (1.4) 193 (6.0) 313 (8.0) 457 (8.4)
 Other 158 (5.1) 164 (3.9) 87 (4.7) 392 (2.3) 392 (1.8) 493 (1.6) 75 (2.4) 79 (2.0) 104 (1.9)
Married (%) 279 (11.0) 296 (8.2) 177 (11.1) 11 519 (70.7) 16 202 (79.0) 24 618 (85.2) 1847 (57.8) 2444 (62.5) 3633 (66.7)
Geographic region (%)
 West 727 (23.4) 544 (12.7) 272 (14.7) 4106 (24.4) 3164 (14.8) 3381 (11.3) 816 (25.6) 718 (18.4) 828 (15.2)
 Midwest 864 (27.9) 1540 (36.1) 731 (39.5) 4487 (26.7) 6772 (31.7) 11 201 (37.3) 723 (22.7) 1063 (27.3) 1522 (28.0)
 South 445 (14.4) 686 (16.1) 365 (19.7) 2786 (16.6) 3802 (17.8) 5928 (19.8) 1127 (35.3) 1495 (38.3) 2351 (43.2)
 Northeast 1065 (34.3) 1500 (35.1) 481 (26.0) 5447 (32.4) 7603 (35.6) 9498 (31.7) 523 (16.4) 625 (16.0) 736 (13.5)
Household income (%)b
 <$50 000 307 (11.8) 415 (11.8) 203 (14.0) 2395 (16.6) 2581 (14.6) 4062 (17.0) 1946 (60.9) 2220 (56.8) 3366 (61.8)
 $50 000–$74 999 564 (21.6) 813 (23.0) 388 (27.0) 4029 (27.9) 4643 (26.3) 6813 (28.5) 509 (15.9) 613 (15.7) 842 (15.5)
 $75 000–$99 999 555 (21.2) 815 (23.1) 325 (22.4) 2892 (20.0) 3780 (21.4) 5258 (22.0) 275 (8.6) 358 (9.2) 459 (8.4)
 ≥$100 000 1187 (45.4) 1487 (42.1) 538 (37.0) 5103 (35.4) 6634 (37.6) 7747 (32.4) 464 (14.5) 718 (18.4) 779 (14.3)
Depression (%) 426 (13.8) 478 (11.3) 140 (7.6) 2123 (13.0) 2218 (10.8) 2293 (8.0) 537 (17.1) 543 (14.1) 578 (10.7)
Overweight/obesity (%) 790 (29.4) 1152 (30.3) 439 (26.5) 7966 (49.3) 10 036 (49.0) 13 689 (47.5) 2165 (68.8) 2792 (72.2) 3792 (70.4)
Cigarette smoking (%) 806 (30.0) 887 (23.5) 159 (9.6) 2439 (14.5) 2141 (10.0) 1364 (4.5) 653 (20.6) 551 (14.2) 329 (6.1)
Heavy drinking (%)c 877 (32.6) 1165 (30.7) 145 (8.7) 482 (3.0) 335 (1.7) 245 (0.9) 455 (17.4) 506 (16.2) 281 (6.2)
a

This table shows participant characteristics that were assessed in all three cohorts by religious-service attendance. Full lists of other participant characteristics by service attendance in each cohort are provided in Supplementary Table 1A–C in the Appendix, available as Supplementary data at IJE online.

b

In GUTS, household income was reported by the mothers (i.e. the NHSII participants who had their children enrolled in GUTS) in an earlier questionnaire wave and was used to measure GUTS participants’ family socio-economic status in earlier life.

c

Heavy drinking was defined as at least 12 episodes of binge drinking over the past year in GUTS, as >5 drinks in a single day in NHSII and as ever having ≥4 drinks on a single occasion over the past 3 months in HRS.