Table 2.
Immunotoxic impacts of organophosphates: In vivo studies.
| Organophosphate tested | Dose & duration of exposure | Model animal | Immunotoxic outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fenitrothion | 20 mg/kg b.w./day; 30 days |
Male rats | Increased serum levels of TNF-α and IL-2; reduced IgG and IgM antibody titer. | Alam et al. (2019) |
| Chlorpyrifos | 75 mg/L; 3–9 weeks |
Male rats | Significant decrement in macrophage activity, serum lysozyme activity and levels of IL-2 & IL-6; OP-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in treated lymphocytes. |
Essa et al. (2019) |
| Ethephon | 1995 ppm (1/10th of the oral LD50); 8 weeks |
Mice | Impaired antibody titer and humoral immunity; declined phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear cells. | Abou-Zeid et al. (2018) |
| Malathion and Parathion methyl | 0.01 LD50 daily (815 ± 28 mg/kg malathion; 25.3 ± 2.6 mg/kg parathion methyl); 30 days |
Albino rats | Reduced activity of neutrophils and NK cells; impaired antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. | Zabrodskii (2018) |
| Diazinon | 10 mg/kg; 30 days |
Male albino rats | Reduced population of lymphocytes and monocytes; sub-optimum level of total serum immunoglobulin titer and hemagglutination; declined blood mononuclear cell proliferation, phagocytic index and blood T-cell subtypes (CD4+ and CD8+). | Hassouna et al. (2015) |
| Chlorpyrifos and Profenofos | Chlorpyrifos: 6.75 mg/kg b.w. Profenofos: 20 mg/kg b.w.; 60 days |
Male rats | Significant increase of TNF-α; reduced levels of IgG and IgM. | Hamza et al. (2013) |
| Parathion | 0.015, 0.15 and 1.5 mg/kg/day; 5 days |
Mice | Decreased production of SRBC-specific IgM antibodies; declined expression of surface antigens in IgM- and germinal center-positive B-cells. | Fukuyama et al. (2011) |
| Phosphamidon | 0.174–1.74 mg/kg b.w.; 28 days |
Male albino rat | Decreased serum antibody titre; significant reduction in leukocyte and macrophage migration. | Suke et al. (2006) |
| Monocrotophos | 0.025 mg/kg b.w.; 6 months |
Sheep | Reduced production of serum globulins and γ globulins and specific Brucella antibodies. | Khurana, & Chauhan (2003) |
| Acephate | 100–500 mg/kg b.w,; 5 min to 24 h |
Female Wistar rats | Low CD4, CD8, B-cell and monocyte contents. | Singh & Jiang (2003) |
| Dimethoate | 7.04–28.2 mg/kg b. w.; 28 days |
Male Wistar rats | Decreased IgM-plaque forming cell content and delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. | Ȕ;ndeger et al., 2000 |