Table 3.
Effect of organophosphate-exposure on immune health of human.
| Compound | Mode of exposure | Duration of exposure | Immunogenic effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OP pesticides | Occupational (200 agriculture spray workers) | Chronic | Altered IgE, IgA and IgM in spray workers. | Riaz et al. (2017) |
| Triazophos and acephate | Occupational (71 workers in a unit manufacturing triazophos and acephate) | Chronic | Elevated level of serum IgM compared to control. | Zaidi et al. (2015) |
| Insecticides containing OP and Carbamate | Occupational (55 pesticide sprayers) | Chronic | Significantly reduced antioxidant defense enzymes, IgM and IgG; Up-regulated MDA and TNF levels in exposed group. | Mecdad et al. (2011) |
| Pesticides containing OP | Occupational (64 greenhouse workers) | Chronic | Increased IL-22 concentration and decreased immunocompetence in exposed workers. | Fenga et al. (2014) |
| OP pesticides | Occupational (84 Farm workers) | 1–3 month of exposure | Increased lymphocyte count in farm workers compared with their control counterparts. | Andreadis et al. (2013) |
| OP pesticides | Occupational (20 Workers in pesticide industries) | Chronic | Increased percentage of CD8, decreased CD56, CD4/CD8 ratio and elevated level of IgG. | Osely & Sh (2010) |
| OP agents | Environmental | Chronic exposure | Elevated T-helper 1 (Th1) and T-helper 2 (Th2) cytokines in serum; detected with asthma and wheeze problems. | Duramad et al. (2006) |
| Byproducts of sarin (DIMP and DEMP) | Accidental | Acute exposure | Decreased NK and CTL activity. | Li et al. (2004) |
| Pesticides containing OP | Occupational (304 pesticide applicators in the agricultural farms) | Chronic exposure | Reduced levels of IgM and C4; elevated levels of Neopterin and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (sTNF RII); compromised humoral defense system. | Stiller-Winkler et al. (1999) |
| Chlorpyrifos | Environmental | Chronic exposure | Elevated CD26 cells and a higher rate of autoimmunity in exposed groups. | Thrasher et al. (1993) |
| OP pesticides | Occupational (85 individuals working at organophosphate manufacturing unit) | Chronic exposure | Impaired neutrophil chemotaxis, higher upper respiratory tract infection | Hermanowicz & Kossman (1984) |