Table 1.
Municipality-level descriptive statistics of study outcomes, demographic, socioeconomic and community, meteorological variables and air pollutants concentrations in 1459 Lombardy municipalities.
| Mean (SD) | Median (Q1, Q3) | |
| Study outcomes | ||
| Number of observed deaths (Mar–Apr, 2020) | 27.3 (123.6) | 11.0 (4.0, 25.0) |
| Number of expected deaths (Mar–Apr, 2020) | 11.0 (63.7) | 4.4 (2.0, 9.8) |
| Standardized mortality ratio (SMR) | 2.9 (2.2) | 2.4 (1.5, 3.8) |
| Number of COVID-19 cases | 41.5 (184.4) | 16.0 (5.5, 40.0) |
| Demographic, socioeconomic and community variables | ||
| Population size (inhabitants) | 6495.7 (33826.1) | 2842.0 (1227.5, 6033.5) |
| Population density (inhabitants per Km2) | 564.7 (787.9) | 269.8 (101.0, 745.6) |
| Sex ratio | 98.2 (5.4) | 97.9 (95.0, 101.0) |
| Proportion of population over 75 years old (%) | 9.8 (3.3) | 9.3 (7.7, 11.3) |
| Average family size | 2.4 (0.2) | 2.4 (2.3, 2.5) |
| House crowding index | 0.4 (0.3) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) |
| High to low education ratio | 133.4 (48.8) | 126.4 (100.8, 157.3) |
| IRPEF per capita (€) | 14449.6 (2770.6) | 14311.0 (12824.2, 16017.2) |
| Percentage of private mobility use (%) | 68.0 (7.3) | 68.5 (63.6, 73.1) |
| Number of beds in nursing homes | 43.0 (222.2) | 0.0 (0.0, 60.0) |
| Distance to the closest hospital (meters) | 5976.6 (3856.1) | 5443.1 (3426.8, 8090.2) |
| Number of employees in bars, restaurants and mobile catering activities per capita (per 1000 inhabitants) | 16.9 (30.3) | 11.2 (7.7, 16.9) |
| Number of employees in health and social assistance activities per capita (per 1000 inhabitants) | 0.5 (0.6) | 0.3 (0.0, 0.7) |
| Number of employees in sports, entertainment and recreational activities per capita (per 1000 inhabitants) | 0.8 (0.0) | 0.6 (0.0, 1.1) |
| Meteorological variables | ||
| Winter (Feb–Apr, 2020) average temperature (°C) | 8.5 (2.3) | 9.4 (8.2, 9.9) |
| Winter (Feb–Apr, 2020) average absolute humidity (g/m3) | 5.5 (0.9) | 5.7 (5.1, 6.3) |
| Air pollutants concentrations | ||
| PM2.5 (μg/m3) | 18.6 (4.8) | 19.8 (15.6, 22.1) |
| PM10 (μg/m3) | 21.8 (5.4) | 22.7 (18.2, 25.8) |
| NO2 (μg/m3) | 33.0 (13.0) | 33.0 (25.5, 40.0) |
Abbreviations: IRPEF, Imposta Regionale Persone Fisiche; NO2, nitrogen dioxide; PM, particulate matter; Q1, first quartile; Q3, third quartile; SD, standard deviation; SMR, standardized mortality ratio.