Table 1.
Neurological symptoms, manifestations, and complications in association with COVID-19
| Neurological symptoms | Neurological manifestations and complications |
|---|---|
| Gustatory dysfunctions (38.5%) | Stroke (2.3%) |
| Olfactory dysfunctions (hyposmia/anosmia) (35.8%) | Epilepsy and seizures (0.9%) |
| Myalgia (19.3%) | Cerebral venous (sinus) thrombosis (0.3%) |
| Headache (14.7%) | Meningitis, encephalitis, meningoencephalitis |
| Altered mental status (9.4%) [5, 117] | Guillan–Barré syndrome |
| Dizziness (8.77%) | Miller Fisher syndrome/Bickerstaff’s encephalitis [118] |
| Nausea and vomiting (4.6%) [51, 119] | Acute myelitis |
| Neuralgia (2.3%) [32, 120] | Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) |
| Ataxia (0.3%) [121, 122] | Acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy [123, 124] |
| Myoclonus [125, 126] | Acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (ADEM)-like pathology [127, 128] |
| Diplopia [129] | Posthypoxic necrotizing leukoencephalopathy [130] |
| Vision loss [131] | CNS vasculitis [117] |
| Stupor [2] | Acute cerebellitis [132] |
| Meningism [133] | Movement disorders [134] |
| Dysexecutive syndrome [135] | Intensive-care-unit acquired neuropathy [2] |
| Bilateral leg stiffening [136] | Rhabdomyolysis [137] |
| Sustained upward gaze [136] | Critical illness myopathy [138, 139] |
| Necrotizing autoimmune myositis (NAM) [140] | |
| Acute mesenteric ischemia [141] |
This table summarizes different neurological symptoms, manifestations, and complications observed in association with COVID-19. Symptoms, manifestations, and complications written in bold are each addressed separately in the manuscript. All other symptoms, manifestations, and complications have been reported or at least mentioned in articles regarding COVID-19; however, insufficient data restrict detailed information.
The percentage in parentheses indicates the prevalence of the neurological symptom/manifestation/complication.