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. 2021 Jan 16;2021:3796265. doi: 10.1155/2021/3796265

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Copyright © 2021 Zhuo Liu et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Mechanisms of MC in enhancing glucose uptake and alleviating insulin resistance. MC agents function by inhibiting the expression of SOCS-3 and JNK, activating IRS-1/PI3K/Akt pathway directly or indirectly, and thus promoting the biogenesis and translocation of GLUT4 and suppressing GSK-3. GSK-3 can also be blocked through connecting with MC agents. The activity of AMPK influenced by increased thyroid hormones, adiponectin, and MC agents diametrically also plays a role in stimulating GLUT4 and GS. Besides, MC stimulates adiponectin and the PPAR-α/PPAR-γ pathway that can upregulate ACO and leptin and downregulate resistin to alleviate insulin resistance.