Table 1.

Examples of commonly used screening and clinical assessments in head and neck cancer patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia

Domain	Screening and clinical assessmenta	Acronym	References
At risk of swallowing problems	Screening: water swallowing test using different endpoints, e.g.:
	100 ml Water Swallow Testb	100 ml WST	[460]
	Toronto Bedside Swallowing Screening Test	TOR-BSST	[461]
	Volume-Viscosity Swallowing Test	V-VST	[462]
Cognition and Communication	Mini-Cog Test		[463]
	Mini-Mental State Examination	MMSE	[464]
Nutritional status	Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool	MUST	[465]
	Mini Nutritional Assessment Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire	MNA SNAQ	[99] [466]
Oral intake status	Functional Oral Intake Scale	FOIS	[98]
Health-related quality of life	Quality of Life Questionnaire (by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality)b	EORTC QLQ-C30	[105]
Dysphagia-related quality of life	MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventoryb	MDADI	[106]
(including functional health status)	Symptom scale Swallowing of the Head and Neck Cancer Module (by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality)b	Symptom scale Swallowing of the EORTC QLQ-H&N35	[107]
Dysphonia-related quality of life (including functional health status)	Voice Handicap Index	VHI	[467]
Oral health status	5-item Oral Health Impact Profile	OHIP-5	[103]
	Oral Health supplementary questionnaire module (by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality)2	EORTC QOL-OH15	[104]
Anatomy/cranial nerve integrity	Clinical examination of the tongue, hard and soft palate, teeth, gums, oral mucosa, trigeminal (V), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), vagal (X), and hypoglossal (XII) cranial nerves
Oral motor skills/physiology	Clinical examination of oral muscle strength, range, tone, steadiness, accuracy, and coordination
	Mealtime observation including observation of drooling or sialorrhea, mastication, eating speed, cough or choking, oral residue, head and body positioning
Compensatory strategies/maneuvers	E.g.: bolus modification, postural adjustments and/or swallow maneuvers

^aNo international consensus exists on which screening or assessment for dysphagia is preferred in head and neck cancer patients [97]. In addition, many screenings and assessments have unknown or poor psychometric properties or have not been validated for head and neck cancer patients. The presented list of screenings and assessments does not provide a complete overview, but examples of common clinical practice

^bTargeting patients with head and neck cancer