Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Variables Stratified by Postpartum Depression (PPD Risk, CES-D ≥ 16) for Descriptive Purposes for N = 89 Women from the Behavior In Pregnancy Study
| Not at PPD risk |
PPD risk |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N = 59 (66.3%) | N = 30 (33.7%) | ||
| Age (years) | 27.93 ± 6.00 | 27.53 ± 5.70 | 0.76 |
| Married | 33 (55.9) | 13 (43.3) | 0.27 |
| Education (years completed) | 13.5 ± 2.5 | 12.4 ± 2.7 | 0.086a |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.007 | ||
| White | 21 (35.6) | 3 (10) | |
| Black | 19 (32.2) | 7 (23.3) | |
| Hispanic/Latina | 18 (30.5) | 19 (63.3) | |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 1 (1.7) | 1 (3.3) | |
| Parity | 0.95 ± 0.95 | 1.17 ± 1.05 | 0.33a |
| Multiparous | 38 (64.4) | 21 (70.0) | 0.64 |
| Height (inches) | 64. 3 ± 2.7 | 63.2 ± 2.8 | 0.089 |
| Prepregnancy weight (lbs.) | 143.07 ± 33.80 | 150.13 ± 43.86 | 0.40 |
| BMI | 24.37 ± 5.72 | 26.17 ± 6.08 | 0.17 |
| Fetal sex female | 32 (54.2) | 18 (60.0) | 0.66 |
| Smoker | 11 (18.0) | 7 (23.3) | 0.59 |
| Diabetic | 5 (8.5) | 0 (0) | 0.16 |
| Maternal infection | 15 (25.4) | 10 (33.3) | 0.46 |
| Birth weight (g) | 3397.5 ± 403.5 | 3401.5 ± 487.7 | 0.97 |
| Low birth weight (<2,500 g) | 2 (3.4) | 0 (0) | 0.55 |
| Prenatal 25(OH)D (ng/mL) | 20.63 ± 7.68 | 17.78 ± 7.00 | 0.093 |
| Prenatal 25(OH)D <20 ng/mL | 30 (50.8) | 17 (56.7) | 0.66 |
| Prenatal 24,25(OH)2D ng/mL | 2.19 ± 1.12 | 1.55 ± 0.73 | 0.002 |
| Prenatal PTH pg/mL | 22.46 ± 13.47 | 24.61 ± 11.80 | 0.46 |
| Prenatal BDIb | 12.4 ± 10.8 | 14.9 ± 11.8 | 0.22a |
| Prenatal BDI ≥10 | 27 (45.8) | 19 (63.3) | 0.18 |
| Postpartum CES-Dc | 8.7 ± 3.6 | 22.0 ± 6.7 | NA |
| Pregnancy VMR | 0.102 ± 0.023 | 0.087 ± 0.017 | 0.003 |
Data are N (%) or mean ± standard deviation, unless otherwise noted.
Comparison was tested with t-test or Fisher's exact test, unless otherwise noted. Statistically significant differences are in bold.
Wilcoxon rank sum test.
BDI mild depressive symptomatology (BDI score ≥10) or moderate to severe depressive symptomatology (BDI score ≥19).
CES-D Scale. A total of 16 or above is indicative of risk for clinical depression.
BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression; NA, not appropriate; PPD, postpartum depression; PTH, parathyroid hormone; VMR, Vitamin D Metabolite Ratio.