TABLE 1.
Characteristics of study participants according to baseline metabolic health and obesity status.
|
Baseline category BMI Metabolic health status |
MHNO <25 kg/m2 0–1 risk factor |
MHO ≥25 kg/m2 0–1 risk factor |
MUNO <25 kg/m2 ≥2 risk factors |
MUO ≥25 kg/m2 ≥2 risk factors |
p‐value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 93,577 (29.3) | 28,557 (8.9) | 111,025 (34.8) | 86,238 (27.0) | |
| Sex (% men) | 47.2 | 48.4 | 54.4 | 56.3 | <0.0001 |
| Age (year) | 57.5 ± 8.6 a | 57.5 ± 8.0 a | 60.3 ± 9.2 | 59.3 ± 8.5 | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.1 ± 1.9 | 26.8 ± 1.7 | 22.7 ± 1.7 | 27.2 ± 2.0 | <0.0001 |
| WC (cm) | 76.9 ± 6.7 | 86.8 ± 6.4 | 80.3 ± 6.4 | 89.4 ± 6.6 | <0.0001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 119.2 ± 14.1 | 123.5 ± 14.3 | 129.9 ± 14.7 | 132.4 ± 14.5 | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 74.0 ± 9.3 | 76.5 ± 9.6 | 80.4 ± 9.5 | 82.1 ± 9.6 | <0.0001 |
| Smoking (%) | |||||
| Current smoker | 15.9 | 12.7 | 19.9 | 17.5 | <0.0001 |
| Ex‐smoker | 14.3 | 16.8 | 17.4 | 20.7 | |
| Nonsmoker | 67.1 | 67.3 | 59.6 | 58.7 | |
| Drinking (%) | |||||
| None | 60.8 | 59.1 | 56.6 | 54.1 | <0.0001 |
| Mild | 18.5 | 17.5 | 16.1 | 15.8 | |
| Moderate | 4.0 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 4.1 | |
| Heavy | 14.6 | 17.1 | 20.2 | 23.5 | |
| Physical activity (%) | |||||
| None | 27.2 | 27.9 | 30.0 | 30.0 | <.0001 |
| 1–2 times/week | 22.3 | 22.8 | 21.7 | 23.3 | |
| 3–4 times/week | 21.3 | 20.6 | 20.3 | 20.3 | |
| ≥5 times/week | 27.5 | 26.6 | 25.9 | 24.3 | |
| Medical history (%) | |||||
| Type 2 diabetes | 1.2 | 1.1 | 15.7 | 18.4 | <0.0001 |
| HTN | 13.1 | 22.1 | 44.7 | 55.8 | <0.0001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 3.8 | 4.1 | 29.4 | 34.8 | <0.0001 |
| IBD | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.006 |
| Income | |||||
| Medicaid | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | <0.0001 |
| First quintiles (lowest) | 13.4 | 13.5 | 14.6 | 14.3 | |
| Second quintiles | 13.7 | 12.9 | 13.7 | 13.2 | |
| Third quintiles | 16.1 | 16.6 | 16.2 | 15.9 | |
| Fourth quintiles | 20.3 | 20.7 | 21.2 | 21.8 | |
| Fifth quintiles (highest) | 36.4 | 36.0 | 34.0 | 34.6 | |
| FPG (mg/dl) | 91.6 ± 12.6 | 92.3 ± 12.2 | 108.7 ± 30.2 | 110.7 ± 30.0 | <0.0001 |
| TG (mg/dl) | 97.8 ± 46.2 | 109.0 ± 49.3 | 167.0 ± 102.2 | 189.1 ± 111.8 | <0.0001 |
| LDL‐C (mg/dl) | 120.2 ± 33.9 | 126.1 ± 33.9 | 121.4 ± 41.0 | 122.9 ± 42.4 | <0.0001 |
| HDL‐C (mg/dl) | 59.6 ± 25.5 | 57.0 ± 24.0 | 51.6 ± 27.0 | 49.3 ± 24.2 | <0.0001 |
| TC (mg/dl) | 198.7 ± 33.2 | 204.1 ± 33.7 a | 204.1 ± 39.9 a | 207.4 ± 40.0 | <0.0001 |
Results reported as means ± standard deviations, unless otherwise indicated.
All variables were statistically different among the four groups, unless otherwise indicated.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; HTN, hypertension; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; MHNO, metabolically healthy non‐obesity; MHO, metabolically healthy obesity; MUNO, metabolically unhealthy obesity; MUO, metabolically unhealthy obesity; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; WC, waist circumference.
No statistical difference was observed.