Table 2.
Role of adipokines in the regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
| Sl# | Adipokine | Regulation of Inflammasome Activation in Metabolic Disorder | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP-4) | Control NLRP3 inflammasome activation through downregulating mitochondrial uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) expression | [112] |
| 2. | Adipsin | Critical as a complement system component in vascular complications of metabolic disorder | [113] |
| 3. | Angiotensinogen and Angiotensin II | Linked to ER stress-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation | [114] |
| 4. | Apelin | Inhibits NF-kB pathway and inflammasome activation helping in vasodilation | [115] |
| 5. | C-reactive protein (CRP) | Up-regulates NF-κB activity, thereby promoting IL-1β mediated atherosclerosis | [116] |
| 6. | Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) | Enhances endothelial adhesion molecule (EAM) expression involved in NLRP3-mediated endothelial dysfunction | [117] |
| 7. | Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) | Promotes inhibition through up-regulation of adiponectin in adipocytes | [118] |
| 8. | Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) | Involved in NF-κB mediated TNF-α signaling pathway and endothelial inflammation | [119] |
| 9. | Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) | Plays a central role in triglyceride and phospholipid hydrolysis, the products of which could elicit pro- or anti-inflammatory responses in endothelial cells | [120] |
| 10. | Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) | Involved in cartilage degeneration and NLRP3-mediated synovial inflammation in osteoarthritis | [121] |
| 11. | Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) | Key chemokine that regulates the migration and infiltration of adipose tissue via by monocyte/macrophages | [122] |
| 12. | Omentin 1 | Involved in inhibition of the TXNIP/NLRP3 signaling pathways in adipose tissue | [123] |
| 13. | Perilipin 1 | Involved in lipid metabolism homeostasis and inhibits the NF-κB inflammatory pathway | [124] |
| 14. | Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) | Plays an important role in regulating ROS-mediated fibrinolysis | [125] |
| 15. | Serum amyloid A | Promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation via the cathepsin-sensitive pathway | [126] |
| 16. | Vaspin | A visceral adipose tissue-derived serpin that can regulate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and improve myocardial function by inhibiting NLRP3 expression | [127] |
| 17. | Visfatin | Visfatin, a pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor, is involved in TL4-mediated endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation | [128] |