Table 3.

Mean surface tension values for pure water and different nanofluids, at a temperature of 20 °C.

Fluid	Surface Tension σ (mN/m)
Pure Water	71.6 ± 1.3
Gold 0.1%	69.7 ± 3.4
Gold 0.5%	74.7 ± 4.3
Silver 0.5%	70.9 ± 2.6
Silver 1%	72.8 ± 0.8
Alumina 0.05%	71.1 ± 3.1
Aluminum 0.05%	72.0 ± 7.9