Table 2.

Summary of individual barriers to research success for new or early-stage investigators and/or underrepresented minority faculty.

[Ref] Study Author(s) (Year)	Study Characteristics a	Bias and Discrimination (n = 5)	Isolation (n = 5)	Lack of Time (n = 5)	Find Work–Life Balance (n = 4)
[44] Beech et al. (2020)	D, QL, ESI, NI, UMF, MSI	x
[45] Berget et al. (2010)	D, MM, ESI, NI, UMF, PA	x	x
[52] Cross et al. (2019)	LR, NI, ESI			x
[53] Cruz et al. (2020)	QL, NI, ESI, UMF			x
[55] Duncan et al. (2016)	QL, NI, ESI, UMF
[57] Espino and Zambrana (2019)	MM, NI, ESI, UMF, RO			x
[58] Felder et al. (2019)	QT, NI, ESI, UMF				x
[60] Flores et al. (2016)	D, NI, ESI, UMF	x	x
[65] Jean-Louis et al. (2016)	MM, NI, ESI, UMF	x	x
[66] Mancusco et al. (2019)	QL, NI, ESI			x
[69] Masterson et al. (2019)	QT, NI, ESI			x	x
[76] Snyder-Mackler (2015)	P, NI, ESI				x
[77] Sorkness et al. (2017)	D, NI, ESI, UMF	x
[81] Sweeney et al. (2017)	MM, D, NI, ESI				x
[86] Vermund et al. (2018)	QT, NI, ESI, UMF		x
[88] Zambrana et al. (2015)	D, QL, NI, ESI, UMF, RO		x

^aType of study: D = descriptive, E = essay or editorial, LR = literature review, MM = mixed-methods research (qualitative and quantitative), P = presentation, QL = qualitative research, and QT = quantitative research. Study participants: ESI = focus of study primarily on early-stage investigator, NI = focus of study primarily on new investigator, and UMF = focus of study primarily on underrepresented minority faculty. Institution type: MSI = minority serving institution (includes historically Black colleges and universities), RO = research oriented, and PA = partnership between MSI and RO college or university.