Table 3.

Summary of institutional barriers to research success for new or early-stage investigators and/or underrepresented faculty.

[Ref.] Study Author(s) (Year)	Study Characteristics a	Lack of Mentors (n = 12)	Lack of Access to Resources (n = 9)	Heavy Teaching and Service Load (n = 7)	Bias (n = 6)
[44] Beech et al. (2020)	D, QL, ESI, NI, UMF, MSI	x	x	x	x
[45] Berget et al. (2010)	D, MM, ESI, NI, UMF, PA	x	x	x	x
[46] Brewer et al. (2016)	QL, NI, ESI, UMF	x	x	x
[48] Byington et al. (2016)	D, NI, ESI, RO		x
[52] Cross et al. (2019)	LR, NI, ESI	x
[55] Duncan et al. (2016)	QL, NI, ESI, UMF	x	x	x
[57] Espino and Zambrana (2019)	MM, NI, ESI, UMF, RO				x
[60] Flores et al. (2016)	D, NI, ESI, UMF
[63] Harawa et al. (2017)	MM, NI, ESI, UMF	x
[64] Hemming et al. (2019)	D, NI, ESI, UMF	x	x	x
[65] Jean-Louis et al. (2016)	MM, NI, ESI, UMF		x		x
[67] Manson et al. (2016)	E, ESI	x	x	x
[69] Masterson et al. (2019)	QT, NI, ESI	x
[76] Snyder-Mackler (2015)	P, NI, ESI			x
[77] Sorkness et al. (2017)	D, NI, ESI, UMF	x	x		x
[79] Stoff (2019)	E, NI, ESI, UMF
[86] Vermund et al. (2018)	QT, NI, ESI, UMF	x
[88] Zambrana et al. (2015)	D, QL, NI, ESI, UMF, RO	x			x

^aType of study: D = descriptive, E = essay or editorial, LR = literature review, MM = mixed-methods research (qualitative and quantitative), P = presentation, QL = qualitative research, and QT = quantitative research. Study participants: ESI = focus of study primarily on early-stage investigator, NI = focus of study primarily on new investigator, and UMF = focus of study primarily on underrepresented minority faculty. Institution type: MSI = minority serving institution (includes historically Black colleges and universities), RO = research oriented, and PA = partnership between MSI and RO college or university.